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ความย่อ
This figure shows estimates of the changes in carbon dioxide concentrations during the Phanerozoic. Three estimates are based on geochemical modeling: GEOCARB III (Berner and Kothavala 2001), Carbon-Oxygen-Phosphorus-Sulfur-Evolution COPSE (Bergmann et al. 2004) and Rothman (2001). These are compared to the carbon dioxide measurement database of Royer et al. (2004) and a 30 Myr filtered average of those data. Error envelopes are shown when they were available. The right hand scale shows the ratio of these measurements to the estimated average for the last several million years (the Quaternary). Customary labels for the periods of geologic time appear at the bottom.
Direct determination of past carbon dioxide levels relies primarily on the interpretation of carbon isotopic ratios in fossilized soils (paleosols) or the shells of phytoplankton and through interpretation of stomatal density in fossil plants. Each of these is subject to substantial systematic uncertainty.
Estimates of carbon dioxide changes through geochemical modeling instead rely on quantifying the geological sources and sinks for carbon dioxide over long time scales particularly: volcanic inputs, erosion and carbonate deposition. As such, these models are largely independent of direct measurements of carbon dioxide.
Both measurements and models show considerable uncertainty and variation; however, all point to carbon dioxide levels in the past that have been signifcantly higher than they are at present. While the GEOCARB Carbon dioxide levels in the most part of the Phanerzoic Eon shows a fit and resulting climate sensitivity similar to todays values, the early Phanerozoic includes a global ice age during the Ordovician age combined with high atmospheric carbon contents based on the same project. There have been different speculations about the reasons but no acknowledged mechanism so far.
Copyright
This figure was prepared by Robert A. Rohde from published data and is incorporated into the Global Warming Art project.
Image from Global Warming Art
This image is an original work created for Global Warming Art. Please refer to the Carbon Dioxide.png image description page for more information.
Bergman, Noam M., Timothy M. Lenton, and Andrew J. Watson (2004). "COPSE: A new model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanerozoic time". American Journal of Science304: 397–437.
Berner, RA and Z. Kothavala (2001). "GEOCARB III: A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time". American Journal of Science301: 182-204.
Gradstein, FM and JG Ogg (1996). "A Phanerozoic time scale". Episodes19: 3-5.
Gradstein, FM, JG Ogg and AG Smith (พ.ศ. 2548) A geologic time scale 2004, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521786738
Rothman, Daniel H. (2001). "Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 500 million years". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences99 (7): 4167-4171.
Royer, Dana L., Robert A. Berner, Isabel P. Montañez, Neil J. Tabor, and David J. Beerling (2004). "CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate". GSA Today14 (3): 4-10. doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:CAAPDO>2.0.CO;2
Veizer, J., Godderis, Y. & Francois. L.M., Evidence for decoupling of atmospheric CO2 and global climate during the Phanerozoic eon. Nature 408, 698-701 (2000) [1]
Nir J. Shaviv, Ján Veizer: Celestial driver of Phanerozoic climate?, Geological Society of America Vol. 13, Issue 7 (Juliy 2003), S. 4–10, Online (pdf 454 KByte)[2]
Notes
All data except GEOCARB III appear on the 2004 geologic time scale (Gradstein et al. 2005). GEOCARB III appears on the Gradstein & Ogg (1996) time scale.
All models are reported in terms of the ratio of past CO2 concentrations to "present" CO2 concentrations, where "present" represents some average value for the last few million years. To compare to direct measurements a value of 260 ppmv is chosen for the recent period, with an uncertainty of 10-15%.
No models are capable of resolving changes faster than ~10 Myr.
Measurements based on the interpretation of paleosols sometimes result in apparent CO2 concentrations < 0 ppmv. These were set to 0 ppmv.
Different measurements in the Royer et al. compilation come from different authors and involve different techniques. As such the error bars are not necessarily comparable. For example, some sources may have included only statistical measurement error, whereas others may have included statistical and systematic errors. Other measurements report no uncertainty at all. Because of these factors, the error measurements were ignored when determining the 30 Myr measurement average.
ไฟล, phanerozoic, carbon, dioxide, ไฟล, ประว, ไฟล, หน, าท, ภาพน, การใช, ไฟล, วนกลาง, อม, ลเก, ยวก, บภาพไม, ภาพท, รายละเอ, ยดส, งกว, าน, phanerozoic, carbon, dioxide, 8206, กเซล, ขนาดไฟล, โลไบต, ชน, ดไมม, image, ปภาพหร, อไฟล, เส, ยงน, นฉบ, บอย, คอมมอนส, รายละเอ. ifl prawtiifl hnathimiphaphni karichiflswnklang khxmulekiywkbphaphimmiphaphthimiraylaexiydsungkwani Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide png 8206 586 409 phikesl khnadifl 62 kiolibt chnidimm image png rupphaphhruxiflesiyngni tnchbbxyuthi khxmmxns raylaexiyddanlang epnkhxkhwamthiaesdngphlcak ifltnchbbinkhxmmxns khxmmxnsepnewbistinokhrngkarsahrbekbrwbrwmsuxesri thi khunsamarthchwyid phaphkrafni khwrcathuksrangihmepnkrafiksewketxr sungmikhxdixikhlayprakar duephimetimthikhxmmxns suxtxngkarekbkwadsahrbsarsnethsephimetim hakphaphnimiinrupaebbkrafiksewketxrxyuaelw krunaxpohldaelaaethnthiaemaebbnidwy vector version available i chuxphaphihm i aenanaepnxyangyingihtngchuxiflewketxrihmnninrupaebb Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide svg aelwisaemaebb Vector version available hrux Vva sungimtxngichpharamietxr chuxphaphihmenuxha 1 khwamyx 2 Copyright 3 References 4 Notes khwamyx This figure shows estimates of the changes in carbon dioxide concentrations during the Phanerozoic Three estimates are based on geochemical modeling GEOCARB III Berner and Kothavala 2001 Carbon Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur Evolution COPSE Bergmann et al 2004 and Rothman 2001 These are compared to the carbon dioxide measurement database of Royer et al 2004 and a 30 Myr filtered average of those data Error envelopes are shown when they were available The right hand scale shows the ratio of these measurements to the estimated average for the last several million years the Quaternary Customary labels for the periods of geologic time appear at the bottom Direct determination of past carbon dioxide levels relies primarily on the interpretation of carbon isotopic ratios in fossilized soils paleosols or the shells of phytoplankton and through interpretation of stomatal density in fossil plants Each of these is subject to substantial systematic uncertainty Estimates of carbon dioxide changes through geochemical modeling instead rely on quantifying the geological sources and sinks for carbon dioxide over long time scales particularly volcanic inputs erosion and carbonate deposition As such these models are largely independent of direct measurements of carbon dioxide Both measurements and models show considerable uncertainty and variation however all point to carbon dioxide levels in the past that have been signifcantly higher than they are at present While the GEOCARB Carbon dioxide levels in the most part of the Phanerzoic Eon shows a fit and resulting climate sensitivity similar to todays values the early Phanerozoic includes a global ice age during the Ordovician age combined with high atmospheric carbon contents based on the same project There have been different speculations about the reasons but no acknowledged mechanism so far Copyright This figure was prepared by Robert A Rohde from published data and is incorporated into the Global Warming Art project Image from Global Warming Art This image is an original work created for Global Warming Art Please refer to the Carbon Dioxide png image description page for more information xnuyatihkhdlxk aeckcayaela hruxddaeprexksarniphayitenguxnikhkhxngsyyaxnuyatexksaresrikhxngknu run 1 2 hruxrunid nbcaknithixxkodymulnithisxftaewresri odyimmiswnidhamaekikh immikhxkhwampkhnaaelapkhlng saenakhxngsyyaxnuyatrwmxyuinswnchux syyaxnuyatexksaresrikhxngknuhttp www gnu org copyleft fdl html GFDL GNU Free Documentation License true trueiflnixyuphayitsyyaxnuyat khriexthifkhxmmxns aebbaesdngthima xnuyataebbediywkn 3 0 tnchbbkhunsamarth thicaaebngpn thicathasaena aeckcay aelasngngandngklawtxip thicaeriyberiyngihm thicaddaeplngngandngklaw phayitenguxnikhtxipni aesdngthima khuntxngihekiyrtiecakhxngnganxyangehmaasm odyephimlingkipyngsyyaxnuyat aelarabuhakmikarepliynaeplng khunxacthaechnniidinrupaebbidkidtamkhwr aettxngimichinlksnathiaenawaphuihxnuyatsnbsnunkhunhruxkarichngankhxngkhun xnuyataebbediywkn hakkhunddaeplng epliynrup hruxtxetimnganni khuntxngichsyyaxnuyataebbediywknhruxaebbthiehmuxnkbsyyaxnuyatthiichkbnganniethannpayaesdngsthanalikhsiththinithukephimephuxihepniptamkarepliynaeplngsyyaxnuyatkhxngmulnithiwikimiediy cak GFDL ipyng GFDL khwbkhukb CC BY SA 3 0 http creativecommons org licenses by sa 3 0 CC BY SA 3 0 Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3 0 true true References Bergman Noam M Timothy M Lenton and Andrew J Watson 2004 COPSE A new model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanerozoic time American Journal of Science 304 397 437 Berner RA and Z Kothavala 2001 GEOCARB III A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time American Journal of Science 301 182 204 Gradstein FM and JG Ogg 1996 A Phanerozoic time scale Episodes 19 3 5 Gradstein FM JG Ogg and AG Smith ph s 2548 A geologic time scale 2004 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521786738 Rothman Daniel H 2001 Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 500 million years Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 7 4167 4171 Royer Dana L Robert A Berner Isabel P Montanez Neil J Tabor and David J Beerling 2004 CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate GSA Today 14 3 4 10 doi 10 1130 1052 5173 2004 014 lt 4 CAAPDO gt 2 0 CO 2 Veizer J Godderis Y amp Francois L M Evidence for decoupling of atmospheric CO2 and global climate during the Phanerozoic eon Nature 408 698 701 2000 1 Nir J Shaviv Jan Veizer Celestial driver of Phanerozoic climate Geological Society of America Vol 13 Issue 7 Juliy 2003 S 4 10 Online pdf 454 KByte 2 Notes All data except GEOCARB III appear on the 2004 geologic time scale Gradstein et al 2005 GEOCARB III appears on the Gradstein amp Ogg 1996 time scale All models are reported in terms of the ratio of past CO2 concentrations to present CO2 concentrations where present represents some average value for the last few million years To compare to direct measurements a value of 260 ppmv is chosen for the recent period with an uncertainty of 10 15 No models are capable of resolving changes faster than 10 Myr Measurements based on the interpretation of paleosols sometimes result in apparent CO2 concentrations lt 0 ppmv These were set to 0 ppmv Different measurements in the Royer et al compilation come from different authors and involve different techniques As such the error bars are not necessarily comparable For example some sources may have included only statistical measurement error whereas others may have included statistical and systematic errors Other measurements report no uncertainty at all Because of these factors the error measurements were ignored when determining the 30 Myr measurement average khabrryayodyyxithyephimkhabrryaythrrthdediywephuxkhyaykhwamwaiflnimixairxngkvsAtmospheric CO in parts per million by volume ppmv over the last half billion years ixethmthiaesdngxyuiniflniprakxbdwysthanalikhsiththimilikhsiththisyyaxnuyatCreative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3 0 Unported xngkvsGNU Free Documentation License version 1 2 or later xngkvsMIME type xngkvsimage png prawtiifl khlikwnthi ewlaephuxduiflthipraktinkhnann wnthi ewlarupyxkhnadphuichkhwamehn pccubn08 16 26 singhakhm 2562586 409 62 kiolibt SaippuakauppiasInverted figure and axes so that time evolves from left to right 04 38 26 kumphaphnth 2549584 407 31 kiolibt Merikanto commonswikiClass Paleoklimatology Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide curve hnathimiphaphni immihnaidoyngmathiphaphnikarichiflswnklang wikixuntxipniichiflni karichbn bs wikipedia org Paleoklimatologija karichbn cs wikipedia org Klimaticke zmeny karichbn da wikipedia org Klimaaendring karichbn de wikipedia org Diskussion Klimasensitivitat Archiv 1 Diskussion Tim Patterson Archiv 2009 Diskussion Globale Erwarmung Archiv 007 Trias Jura Grenze Kohlenstoffdioxid in der Erdatmosphare Robert A Berner karichbn en wikipedia 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Geohronologichna shkala Vuglekislij gaz v atmosferi Zemli Meghalejskij yarus Grenlandskij yarus Nortgrippskij yarus karichbn vi wikipedia org Carbon dioxide Lien đại Hiển sinhkhxmulekiywkbphaph phaphnimikhxmulephimetim sungswnihymacakklxngdicitxlhruxsaeknenxrthisamarthekbkhxmuldngklawiwrwmkbphaphid thaphaphnithukprbprungaekikhhruxepliynaeplngcakedim khxmulbangxyangcayngkhngimepliynaeplngehmuxnphaphthithukprbprungaekikhnnkhwamlaexiydaenwnxn37 8 dpckhwamlaexiydaenwtng37 8 dpcsxftaewrthiichAdobe ImageReady ekhathungcak https th wikipedia org wiki ifl Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide png, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,