-- Module for converting between different representations of numbers. See talk page for user documentation. -- For unit tests see: [[Module:ConvertNumeric/testcases]] -- When editing, preview with: [[Module_talk:ConvertNumeric/testcases]] -- First, edit [[Module:ConvertNumeric/sandbox]], then preview with [[Module_talk:ConvertNumeric/sandbox/testcases]]   local ones_position = {  [0] = 'zero',  [1] = 'one',  [2] = 'two',  [3] = 'three',  [4] = 'four',  [5] = 'five',  [6] = 'six',  [7] = 'seven',  [8] = 'eight',  [9] = 'nine',  [10] = 'ten',  [11] = 'eleven',  [12] = 'twelve',  [13] = 'thirteen',  [14] = 'fourteen',  [15] = 'fifteen',  [16] = 'sixteen',  [17] = 'seventeen',  [18] = 'eighteen',  [19] = 'nineteen'  }   local ones_position_ord = {  [0] = 'zeroth',  [1] = 'first',  [2] = 'second',  [3] = 'third',  [4] = 'fourth',  [5] = 'fifth',  [6] = 'sixth',  [7] = 'seventh',  [8] = 'eighth',  [9] = 'ninth',  [10] = 'tenth',  [11] = 'eleventh',  [12] = 'twelfth',  [13] = 'thirteenth',  [14] = 'fourteenth',  [15] = 'fifteenth',  [16] = 'sixteenth',  [17] = 'seventeenth',  [18] = 'eighteenth',  [19] = 'nineteenth'  }   local ones_position_plural = {  [0] = 'zeros',  [1] = 'ones',  [2] = 'twos',  [3] = 'threes',  [4] = 'fours',  [5] = 'fives',  [6] = 'sixes',  [7] = 'sevens',  [8] = 'eights',  [9] = 'nines',  [10] = 'tens',  [11] = 'elevens',  [12] = 'twelves',  [13] = 'thirteens',  [14] = 'fourteens',  [15] = 'fifteens',  [16] = 'sixteens',  [17] = 'seventeens',  [18] = 'eighteens',  [19] = 'nineteens'  }   local tens_position = {  [2] = 'twenty',  [3] = 'thirty',  [4] = 'forty',  [5] = 'fifty',  [6] = 'sixty',  [7] = 'seventy',  [8] = 'eighty',  [9] = 'ninety'  }   local tens_position_ord = {  [2] = 'twentieth',  [3] = 'thirtieth',  [4] = 'fortieth',  [5] = 'fiftieth',  [6] = 'sixtieth',  [7] = 'seventieth',  [8] = 'eightieth',  [9] = 'ninetieth'  }   local tens_position_plural = {  [2] = 'twenties',  [3] = 'thirties',  [4] = 'forties',  [5] = 'fifties',  [6] = 'sixties',  [7] = 'seventies',  [8] = 'eighties',  [9] = 'nineties'  }   local groups = {  [1] = 'thousand',  [2] = 'million',  [3] = 'billion',  [4] = 'trillion',  [5] = 'quadrillion',  [6] = 'quintillion',  [7] = 'sextillion',  [8] = 'septillion',  [9] = 'octillion',  [10] = 'nonillion',  [11] = 'decillion',  [12] = 'undecillion',  [13] = 'duodecillion',  [14] = 'tredecillion',  [15] = 'quattuordecillion',  [16] = 'quindecillion',  [17] = 'sexdecillion',  [18] = 'septendecillion',  [19] = 'octodecillion',  [20] = 'novemdecillion',  [21] = 'vigintillion',  [22] = 'unvigintillion',  [23] = 'duovigintillion',  [24] = 'tresvigintillion',  [25] = 'quattuorvigintillion',  [26] = 'quinquavigintillion',  [27] = 'sesvigintillion',  [28] = 'septemvigintillion',  [29] = 'octovigintillion',  [30] = 'novemvigintillion',  [31] = 'trigintillion',  [32] = 'untrigintillion',  [33] = 'duotrigintillion',  [34] = 'trestrigintillion',  [35] = 'quattuortrigintillion',  [36] = 'quinquatrigintillion',  [37] = 'sestrigintillion',  [38] = 'septentrigintillion',  [39] = 'octotrigintillion',  [40] = 'noventrigintillion',  [41] = 'quadragintillion',  [51] = 'quinquagintillion',  [61] = 'sexagintillion',  [71] = 'septuagintillion',  [81] = 'octogintillion',  [91] = 'nonagintillion',  [101] = 'centillion',  [102] = 'uncentillion',  [103] = 'duocentillion',  [104] = 'trescentillion',  [111] = 'decicentillion',  [112] = 'undecicentillion',  [121] = 'viginticentillion',  [122] = 'unviginticentillion',  [131] = 'trigintacentillion',  [141] = 'quadragintacentillion',  [151] = 'quinquagintacentillion',  [161] = 'sexagintacentillion',  [171] = 'septuagintacentillion',  [181] = 'octogintacentillion',  [191] = 'nonagintacentillion',  [201] = 'ducentillion',  [301] = 'trecentillion',  [401] = 'quadringentillion',  [501] = 'quingentillion',  [601] = 'sescentillion',  [701] = 'septingentillion',  [801] = 'octingentillion',  [901] = 'nongentillion',  [1001] = 'millinillion',  }   local roman_numerals = {  I = 1,  V = 5,  X = 10,  L = 50,  C = 100,  D = 500,  M = 1000  }   local eng_lt20 = {  ['zeroth'] = 0,  ['first'] = 1,  ['second'] = 2,  ['third'] = 3,  ['fourth'] = 4,  ['fifth'] = 5,  ['sixth'] = 6,  ['seventh'] = 7,  ['eighth'] = 8,  ['ninth'] = 9,  ['tenth'] = 10,  ['eleventh'] = 11,  ['twelfth'] = 12,  ['thirteenth'] = 13,  ['fourteenth'] = 14,  ['fifteenth'] = 15,  ['sixteenth'] = 16,  ['seventeenth'] = 17,  ['eighteenth'] = 18,  ['nineteenth'] = 19,  }   local eng_tens_end = {  ['twentieth'] = 20,  ['thirtieth'] = 30,  ['fortieth'] = 40,  ['fiftieth'] = 50,  ['sixtieth'] = 60,  ['seventieth'] = 70,  ['eightieth'] = 80,  ['ninetieth'] = 90,  }   local eng_tens_cont = {  ['twenty'] = 20,  ['thirty'] = 30,  ['forty'] = 40,  ['fifty'] = 50,  ['sixty'] = 60,  ['seventy'] = 70,  ['eighty'] = 80,  ['ninety'] = 90,  }   local denominators = {  [2] = { 'half', plural = 'halves' },  [3] = { 'third' },  [4] = { 'quarter', us = 'fourth' },  [5] = { 'fifth' },  [6] = { 'sixth' },  [8] = { 'eighth' },  [9] = { 'ninth' },  [10] = { 'tenth' },  [16] = { 'sixteenth' },  }   local thai_ones_position = {  [0] = "ศูนย์",  [1] = "หนึ่ง",  [2] = "สอง",  [3] = "สาม",  [4] = "สี่",  [5] = "ห้า",  [6] = "หก",  [7] = "เจ็ด",  [8] = "แปด",  [9] = "เก้า"  }   local data = {  ['normal'] = {  [0] = '',  [1] = 'หนึ่ง',  [2] = 'สอง',  [3] = 'สาม',  [4] = 'สี่',  [5] = 'ห้า',  [6] = 'หก',  [7] = 'เจ็ด',  [8] = 'แปด',  [9] = 'เก้า',  },  [0] = {  [0] = '',  [1] = 'เอ็ด',  [2] = 'สอง',  [3] = 'สาม',  [4] = 'สี่',  [5] = 'ห้า',  [6] = 'หก',  [7] = 'เจ็ด',  [8] = 'แปด',  [9] = 'เก้า',  ['value'] = '',  ['mode'] = 1,  },  [1] = {  [0] = '',  [1] = ' ',  [2] = 'ยี่',  [3] = 'สาม',  [4] = 'สี่',  [5] = 'ห้า',  [6] = 'หก',  [7] = 'เจ็ด',  [8] = 'แปด',  [9] = 'เก้า',  ['value'] = 'สิบ',  ['mode'] = 1,  },  [2] = {  ['value'] = 'ร้อย',  ['mode'] = 0,  },  [3] = {  ['value'] = 'พัน',  ['mode'] = 0,  },  [4] = {  ['value'] = 'หมื่น',  ['mode'] = 0,  },  [5] = {  ['value'] = 'แสน',  ['mode'] = 0,  },  [6] = {  [0] = '',  [1] = 'เอ็ด',  [2] = 'สอง',  [3] = 'สาม',  [4] = 'สี่',  [5] = 'ห้า',  [6] = 'หก',  [7] = 'เจ็ด',  [8] = 'แปด',  [9] = 'เก้า',  ['value'] = 'ล้าน',  ['mode'] = 1,  },  }   -- Converts a given valid roman numeral (and some invalid roman numerals) to a number. Returns -1, errorstring on error  local function roman_to_numeral(roman)  if type(roman) ~= "string" then return -1, "roman numeral not a string" end  local rev = roman:reverse()  local raising = true  local last = 0  local result = 0  for i = 1, #rev do  local c = rev:sub(i, i)  local next = roman_numerals[c]  if next == nil then return -1, "roman numeral contains illegal character " .. c end  if next > last then  result = result + next  raising = true  elseif next < last then  result = result - next  raising = false  elseif raising then  result = result + next  else  result = result - next  end  last = next  end  return result  end   local function standard_suffix(ordinal, plural)  if ordinal then return 'th' end  if plural then return 's' end  return ''  end   -- Converts a given integer between 0 and 100 to English text (e.g. 47 -> forty-seven)  local function numeral_to_english_less_100(num, ordinal, plural, zero)  local terminal_ones, terminal_tens  if ordinal then  terminal_ones = ones_position_ord  terminal_tens = tens_position_ord  elseif plural then  terminal_ones = ones_position_plural  terminal_tens = tens_position_plural  else  terminal_ones = ones_position  terminal_tens = tens_position  end   if num == 0 and zero ~= nil then  return zero  elseif num < 20 then  return terminal_ones[num]  elseif num % 10 == 0 then  return terminal_tens[num / 10]  else  return tens_position[math.floor(num / 10)] .. '-' .. terminal_ones[num % 10]  end  end   -- Converts a given integer (in string form) between 0 and 1000 to English text (e.g. 47 -> forty-seven)  local function numeral_to_english_less_1000(num, use_and, ordinal, plural, zero)  num = tonumber(num)  if num < 100 then  return numeral_to_english_less_100(num, ordinal, plural, zero)  elseif num % 100 == 0 then  return ones_position[num/100] .. ' hundred' .. standard_suffix(ordinal, plural)  else  return ones_position[math.floor(num/100)] .. ' hundred ' .. (use_and and 'and ' or '') .. numeral_to_english_less_100(num % 100, ordinal, plural, zero)  end  end   -- Cloned and localized to Thai of two above  local function numeral_to_thai(num, _, _, _)  num = tostring(num)  number_num = tonumber(num)  if not num or number_num < 0 or number_num == math.huge then  return "เกิดข้อผิดพลาดกับตัวเลข: ว่าง น้อยกว่าศูนย์ หรือตรงกับ <code>math.huge</code>"  end  if num == '0' then  return 'ศูนย์'  end  local level = 0  result = {}  for i = #num, 1, -1 do  table.insert(result, data[level]['value'])  if data[level]['mode'] == 0 then  table.insert(result, data['normal'][tonumber(num:sub(i, i))])  else  table.insert(result, data[level][tonumber(num:sub(i, i))])  end  level = level + 1  if level > 6 then  level = 1  end  end  for i = 1, #result do  if result[i] == 'เอ็ด' and result[i + 2] == nil then  result[i] = 'หนึ่ง'  end  if i % 2 == 0 and result[i] == '' and (i > 2 and (i - 2) % 12 ~= 0) then  result[i - 1] = ''  end  if result[i] == ' ' then  result[i] = ''  end  end  newresult = {}  for i = #result, 1, -1 do  table.insert(newresult, result[i])  end  return table.concat(newresult)  end   -- Converts an English-text ordinal between 'zeroth' and 'ninety-ninth' to a number [0–99], else -1  local function english_to_ordinal(english)  local eng = string.lower(english or '')   local eng_lt20 = eng_lt20  local eng_tens_end = eng_tens_end  local eng_tens_cont = eng_tens_cont   if eng_lt20[eng] then  return eng_lt20[eng] --e.g. first -> 1  elseif eng_tens_end[eng] then  return eng_tens_end[eng] --e.g. ninetieth -> 90  else  local tens, ones = string.match(eng, '^([a-z]+)%-([a-z]+)$')  if tens and ones then  local tens_cont = eng_tens_cont[tens]  local ones_end = eng_lt20[ones]  if tens_cont and ones_end then  return tens_cont + ones_end --e.g. ninety-ninth -> 99  end  end  end  return -1 --failed  end   -- Converts a number expressed as a string in scientific notation to a string in standard decimal notation  -- e.g. 1.23E5 -> 123000, 1.23E-5 = .0000123. Conversion is exact, no rounding is performed.  local function scientific_notation_to_decimal(num)  local exponent, subs = num:gsub("^%-?%d*%.?%d*%-?[Ee]([+%-]?%d+)$", "%1")  if subs == 0 then return num end -- Input not in scientific notation, just return unmodified  exponent = tonumber(exponent)   local negative = num:find("^%-")  local _, decimal_pos = num:find("%.")  -- Mantissa will consist of all decimal digits with no decimal point  local mantissa = num:gsub("^%-?(%d*)%.?(%d*)%-?[Ee][+%-]?%d+$", "%1%2")  if negative and decimal_pos then decimal_pos = decimal_pos - 1 end  if not decimal_pos then decimal_pos = #mantissa + 1 end   -- Remove leading zeros unless decimal point is in first position  while decimal_pos > 1 and mantissa:sub(1,1) == '0' do  mantissa = mantissa:sub(2)  decimal_pos = decimal_pos - 1  end  -- Shift decimal point right for exponent > 0  while exponent > 0 do  decimal_pos = decimal_pos + 1  exponent = exponent - 1  if decimal_pos > #mantissa + 1 then mantissa = mantissa .. '0' end  -- Remove leading zeros unless decimal point is in first position  while decimal_pos > 1 and mantissa:sub(1,1) == '0' do  mantissa = mantissa:sub(2)  decimal_pos = decimal_pos - 1  end  end  -- Shift decimal point left for exponent < 0  while exponent < 0 do  if decimal_pos == 1 then  mantissa = '0' .. mantissa  else  decimal_pos = decimal_pos - 1  end  exponent = exponent + 1  end   -- Insert decimal point in correct position and return  return (negative and '-' or '') .. mantissa:sub(1, decimal_pos - 1) .. '.' .. mantissa:sub(decimal_pos)  end   -- Rounds a number to the nearest integer (NOT USED)  local function round_num(x)  if x%1 >= 0.5 then  return math.ceil(x)  else  return math.floor(x)  end  end   -- Rounds a number to the nearest two-word number (round = up, down, or "on" for round to nearest)  -- Numbers with two digits before the decimal will be rounded to an integer as specified by round.  -- Larger numbers will be rounded to a number with only one nonzero digit in front and all other digits zero.  -- Negative sign is preserved and does not count towards word limit.  local function round_for_english(num, round)  -- If an integer with at most two digits, just return  if num:find("^%-?%d?%d%.?$") then return num end   local negative = num:find("^%-")  if negative then  -- We're rounding magnitude so flip it  if round == 'up' then round = 'down' elseif round == 'down' then round = 'up' end  end   -- If at most two digits before decimal, round to integer and return  local _, _, small_int, trailing_digits, round_digit = num:find("^%-?(%d?%d?)%.((%d)%d*)$")  if small_int then  if small_int == '' then small_int = '0' end  if (round == 'up' and trailing_digits:find('[1-9]')) or (round == 'on' and tonumber(round_digit) >= 5) then  small_int = tostring(tonumber(small_int) + 1)  end  return (negative and '-' or '') .. small_int  end   -- When rounding up, any number with > 1 nonzero digit will round up (e.g. 1000000.001 rounds up to 2000000)  local nonzero_digits = 0  for digit in num:gfind("[1-9]") do  nonzero_digits = nonzero_digits + 1  end   num = num:gsub("%.%d*$", "") -- Remove decimal part  -- Second digit used to determine which way to round lead digit  local _, _, lead_digit, round_digit, round_digit_2, rest = num:find("^%-?(%d)(%d)(%d)(%d*)$")  if tonumber(lead_digit .. round_digit) < 20 and (1 + #rest) % 3 == 0 then  -- In English numbers < 20 are one word so put 2 digits in lead and round based on 3rd  lead_digit = lead_digit .. round_digit  round_digit = round_digit_2  else  rest = round_digit_2 .. rest  end   if (round == 'up' and nonzero_digits > 1) or (round == 'on' and tonumber(round_digit) >= 5) then  lead_digit = tostring(tonumber(lead_digit) + 1)  end  -- All digits but lead digit will turn to zero  rest = rest:gsub("%d", "0")  return (negative and '-' or '') .. lead_digit .. '0' .. rest  end   local function fraction_to_english(whole, numerator, denominator, sp_us, negative_word, use_one)   if numerator or denominator then  local finished = (whole == nil or whole == '')  local sign = ''  if numerator then  if finished and numerator:sub(1, 1) == '-' then  numerator = numerator:sub(2)  sign = negative_word .. ' '  end  else  numerator = '1'  end  if not numerator:match('^%d+$') or not denominator or not denominator:match('^%d+$') then  return 'unsupported', ''  end  numerator = tonumber(numerator)  denominator = tonumber(denominator)  local dendata = denominators[denominator]  if not (dendata and 1 <= numerator and numerator <= 99) then  return 'unsupported', ''  end  local numstr, denstr  local sep = '-'  if numerator == 1 then  denstr = sp_us and dendata.us or dendata[1]  if finished or use_one then  numstr = 'one'  elseif denstr:match('^[aeiou]') then  numstr = 'an'  sep = ' '  else  numstr = 'a'  sep = ' '  end  else  numstr = numeral_to_english_less_100(numerator)  denstr = dendata.plural  if not denstr then  denstr = (sp_us and dendata.us or dendata[1]) .. 's'  end  end  if finished then  return 'finished', sign .. numstr .. sep .. denstr  end  return 'ok', ' and ' .. numstr .. sep .. denstr  end  return 'ok', ''  end   -- ฟังก์ชันสำหรับแปลงเศษส่วนเป็นคำพูด เช่น ห้าเศษสามส่วนสี่ หรือ เศษแปดส่วนห้า  -- โคลนจากฟังก์ชันด้านบน  -- numerator - เศษ  -- denominator - ส่วน  local function fraction_to_thai(whole, numerator, denominator, sp_us, negative_word, use_one)  if numerator or denominator then  local finished = (whole == nil or whole == '')  local sign = ''  if numerator then  if finished and numerator:sub(1, 1) == '-' then  numerator = numerator:sub(2)  sign = negative_word  end  else  numerator = '1'  end  if not numerator:match('^%d+$') or not denominator or not denominator:match('^%d+$') then  return 'unsupported', ''  end  numerator = tonumber(numerator)  denominator = tonumber(denominator)  local dendata = thai_ones_position[denominator]  if not (dendata and 1 <= numerator and numerator <= 99) then  return 'unsupported', ''  end  local numstr, denstr  numstr = numeral_to_thai(numerator)  denstr = dendata  if finished then  return 'finished', sign .. "เศษ" .. numstr .. "ส่วน" .. denstr  end  return 'ok', 'เศษ' .. numstr .. 'ส่วน' .. denstr  end  return 'ok', ''  end   -- Takes a decimal number and converts it to English text.  -- Return nil if a fraction cannot be converted (only some numbers are supported for fractions).  -- num (string or nil): the number to convert.  -- Can be an arbitrarily large decimal, such as "-123456789123456789.345", and  -- can use scientific notation (e.g. "1.23E5").  -- May fail for very large numbers not listed in "groups" such as "1E4000".  -- num is nil if there is no whole number before a fraction.  -- numerator (string or nil): numerator of fraction (nil if no fraction)  -- denominator (string or nil): denominator of fraction (nil if no fraction)  -- capitalize (boolean): whether to capitalize the result (e.g. 'One' instead of 'one')  -- use_and (boolean): whether to use the word 'and' between tens/ones place and higher places  -- hyphenate (boolean): whether to hyphenate all words in the result, useful for use as an adjective  -- ordinal (boolean): whether to produce an ordinal (e.g. 'first' instead of 'one')  -- plural (boolean): whether to pluralize the resulting number  -- links: nil: do not add any links; 'on': link "billion" and larger to Orders of magnitude article;  -- any other text: list of numbers to link (e.g. "billion,quadrillion")  -- negative_word: word to use for negative sign (typically 'negative' or 'minus'; nil to use default)  -- round: nil or '': no rounding; 'on': round to nearest two-word number; 'up'/'down': round up/down to two-word number  -- zero: word to use for value '0' (nil to use default)  -- use_one (boolean): false: 2+1/2 → "two and a half"; true: "two and one-half"  local function _numeral_to_english(num, numerator, denominator, capitalize, use_and, hyphenate, ordinal, plural, links, negative_word, round, zero, use_one)  if not negative_word then  if use_and then  -- TODO Should 'minus' be used when do not have sp=us?  -- If so, need to update testcases, and need to fix "minus zero".  -- negative_word = 'minus'  negative_word = 'negative'  else  negative_word = 'negative'  end  end  local status, fraction_text = fraction_to_english(num, numerator, denominator, not use_and, negative_word, use_one)  if status == 'unsupported' then  return nil  end  if status == 'finished' then  -- Input is a fraction with no whole number.  -- Hack to avoid executing stuff that depends on num being a number.  local s = fraction_text  if hyphenate then s = s:gsub("%s", "-") end  if capitalize then s = s:gsub("^%l", string.upper) end  return s  end  num = scientific_notation_to_decimal(num)  if round and round ~= '' then  if round ~= 'on' and round ~= 'up' and round ~= 'down' then  error("Invalid rounding mode")  end  num = round_for_english(num, round)  end   -- Separate into negative sign, num (digits before decimal), decimal_places (digits after decimal)  local MINUS = '−' -- Unicode U+2212 MINUS SIGN (may be in values from [[Module:Convert]])  if num:sub(1, #MINUS) == MINUS then  num = '-' .. num:sub(#MINUS + 1) -- replace MINUS with '-'  elseif num:sub(1, 1) == '+' then  num = num:sub(2) -- ignore any '+'  end  local negative = num:find("^%-")  local decimal_places, subs = num:gsub("^%-?%d*%.(%d+)$", "%1")  if subs == 0 then decimal_places = nil end  num, subs = num:gsub("^%-?(%d*)%.?%d*$", "%1")  if num == '' and decimal_places then num = '0' end  if subs == 0 or num == '' then error("Invalid decimal numeral") end   -- For each group of 3 digits except the last one, print with appropriate group name (e.g. million)  local s = ''  while #num > 3 do  if s ~= '' then s = s .. ' ' end  local group_num = math.floor((#num - 1) / 3)  local group = groups[group_num]  local group_digits = #num - group_num*3  s = s .. numeral_to_english_less_1000(num:sub(1, group_digits), false, false, false, zero) .. ' '  if links and (((links == 'on' and group_num >= 3) or links:find(group)) and group_num <= 13) then  s = s .. '[[Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#10' .. group_num*3 .. '|' .. group .. ']]'  else  s = s .. group  end  num = num:sub(1 + group_digits)  num = num:gsub("^0*", "") -- Trim leading zeros  end   -- Handle final three digits of integer part  if s ~= '' and num ~= '' then  if #num <= 2 and use_and then  s = s .. ' and '  else  s = s .. ' '  end  end  if s == '' or num ~= '' then  s = s .. numeral_to_english_less_1000(num, use_and, ordinal, plural, zero)  elseif ordinal or plural then  -- Round numbers like "one million" take standard suffixes for ordinal/plural  s = s .. standard_suffix(ordinal, plural)  end   -- For decimal places (if any) output "point" followed by spelling out digit by digit  if decimal_places then  s = s .. ' point'  for i = 1, #decimal_places do  s = s .. ' ' .. ones_position[tonumber(decimal_places:sub(i,i))]  end  end   s = s:gsub("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1") -- Trim whitespace  if ordinal and plural then s = s .. 's' end -- s suffix works for all ordinals  if negative and s ~= zero then s = negative_word .. ' ' .. s end  s = s:gsub("negative zero", "zero")  s = s .. fraction_text  if hyphenate then s = s:gsub("%s", "-") end  if capitalize then s = s:gsub("^%l", string.upper) end  return s  end   local function _numeral_to_english2(args)  local num = args.num   if (not tonumber(num)) then  num = num:gsub("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1") -- Trim whitespace  num = num:gsub(",", "") -- Remove commas  num = num:gsub("^<span[^<>]*></span>", "") -- Generated by Template:age  if num ~= '' then -- a fraction may have an empty whole number  if not num:find("^%-?%d*%.?%d*%-?[Ee]?[+%-]?%d*$") then  -- Input not in a valid format, try to pass it through #expr to see  -- if that produces a number (e.g. "3 + 5" will become "8").  num = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess('{{#expr: ' .. num .. '}}')  end  end  end   -- Pass args from frame to helper function  return _numeral_to_english(  num,  args['numerator'],  args['denominator'],  args['capitalize'],  args['use_and'],  args['hyphenate'],  args['ordinal'],  args['plural'],  args['links'],  args['negative_word'],  args['round'],  args['zero'],  args['use_one']  ) or ''  end   -- Clone of above for Thai  local function _numeral_to_thai(num, numerator, denominator, capitalize, use_and, hyphenate, ordinal, _, links, negative_word, round, zero, _)  if not negative_word then  negative_word = 'ลบ'  end  if negative_word == 'minus' then  negative_word = 'ลบ'  end  local status, fraction_text = fraction_to_thai(num, numerator, denominator, not use_and, negative_word, use_one)  if status == 'unsupported' then  return nil  end  if status == 'finished' then  -- Input is a fraction with no whole number.  -- Hack to avoid executing stuff that depends on num being a number.  local s = fraction_text  if hyphenate then s = s:gsub("%s", "-") end  if capitalize then s = s:gsub("^%l", string.upper) end  return s  end  num = scientific_notation_to_decimal(num)  if round and round ~= '' then  if round ~= 'on' and round ~= 'up' and round ~= 'down' then  error('โหมดการปัดไม่ถูกต้อง: ไม่รู้จัก "' .. round .. '"')  end  num = round_for_english(num, round)  end   -- Separate into negative sign, num (digits before decimal), decimal_places (digits after decimal)  local MINUS = '−' -- Unicode U+2212 MINUS SIGN (may be in values from [[Module:Convert]])  if num:sub(1, #MINUS) == MINUS then  num = '-' .. num:sub(#MINUS + 1) -- replace MINUS with '-'  elseif num:sub(1, 1) == '+' then  num = num:sub(2) -- ignore any '+'  end  local negative = num:find("^%-")  local decimal_places, subs = num:gsub("^%-?%d*%.(%d+)$", "%1")  if subs == 0 then decimal_places = nil end  num, subs = num:gsub("^%-?(%d*)%.?%d*$", "%1")  if num == '' and decimal_places then num = '0' end  if subs == 0 or num == '' then error("เลขไม่ถูกต้อง") end  local s = numeral_to_thai(num)   -- For decimal places (if any) output "point" followed by spelling out digit by digit  if decimal_places then  s = s .. 'จุด'  for i = 1, #decimal_places do  s = s .. thai_ones_position[tonumber(decimal_places:sub(i,i))]  end  end   s = s:gsub("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1") -- Trim whitespace  if negative and s ~= zero then s = negative_word .. s end  s = s:gsub("negative zero", "zero")  s = s .. fraction_text  if hyphenate then s = s:gsub("%s", "-") end  if capitalize then s = s:gsub("^%l", string.upper) end  if s == 'ลบศูนย์' then s = 'ศูนย์' end  if s == 'ศูนย์' and zero then s = zero end  return s  end   local p = { -- Functions that can be called from another module  roman_to_numeral = roman_to_numeral,  spell_number_eng = _numeral_to_english,  spell_number2_eng = _numeral_to_english2,  english_to_ordinal = english_to_ordinal,  -- For Thai  spell_number = _numeral_to_thai  }   function p._roman_to_numeral(frame) -- Callable via {{#invoke:ConvertNumeric|_roman_to_numeral|VI}}  return roman_to_numeral(frame.args[1])  end   function p._english_to_ordinal(frame) -- callable via {{#invoke:ConvertNumeric|_english_to_ordinal|First}}  return english_to_ordinal(frame.args[1])  end   function p.numeral_to_english(frame)  local args = frame.args  local num = args[1]  num = num:gsub("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1") -- Trim whitespace  num = num:gsub(",", "") -- Remove commas  num = num:gsub("^<span[^<>]*></span>", "") -- Generated by Template:age  if num ~= '' then -- a fraction may have an empty whole number  if not num:find("^%-?%d*%.?%d*%-?[Ee]?[+%-]?%d*$") then  -- Input not in a valid format, try to pass it through #expr to see  -- if that produces a number (e.g. "3 + 5" will become "8").  num = frame:preprocess('{{#expr: ' .. num .. '}}')  end  end   -- Pass args from frame to helper function  return _numeral_to_english(  num,  args['numerator'],  args['denominator'],  args['case'] == 'U' or args['case'] == 'u',  args['sp'] ~= 'us',  args['adj'] == 'on',  args['ord'] == 'on',  args['pl'] == 'on',  args['lk'],  args['negative'],  args['round'],  args['zero'],  args['one'] == 'one' -- experiment: using '|one=one' makes fraction 2+1/2 give "two and one-half" instead of "two and a half"  ) or ''  end   -- For Thai  function p.numeral_to_thai(frame)  local args = frame.args  local num = args[1]  num = num:gsub("^%s*(.-)%s*$", "%1") -- Trim whitespace  num = num:gsub(",", "") -- Remove commas  num = num:gsub("^<span[^<>]*></span>", "") -- Generated by Template:age  if num ~= '' then -- a fraction may have an empty whole number  if not num:find("^%-?%d*%.?%d*%-?[Ee]?[+%-]?%d*$") then  -- Input not in a valid format, try to pass it through #expr to see  -- if that produces a number (e.g. "3 + 5" will become "8").  num = frame:preprocess('{{#expr: ' .. num .. '}}')  end  end   -- Pass args from frame to helper function  return _numeral_to_thai(  num,  args['numerator'],  args['denominator'],  args['case'] == 'U' or args['case'] == 'u',  args['sp'] ~= 'us',  args['adj'] == 'on',  args['ord'] == 'on',  args['pl'] == 'on',  args['lk'],  args['negative'],  args['round'],  args['zero'],  args['one'] == 'one' -- experiment: using '|one=one' makes fraction 2+1/2 give "two and one-half" instead of "two and a half"  ) or ''  end   ---- recursive function for p.decToHex  local function decToHexDigit(dec)  local dig = {"0","1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","A","B","C","D","E","F"}  local div = math.floor(dec/16)  local mod = dec-(16*div)  if div >= 1 then return decToHexDigit(div)..dig[mod+1] else return dig[mod+1] end  end -- I think this is supposed to be done with a tail call but first I want something that works at all  ---- finds all the decimal numbers in the input text and hexes each of them  function p.decToHex(frame)  local args=frame.args  local parent=frame.getParent(frame)  local pargs={}  if parent then pargs=parent.args end  local text=args[1] or pargs[1] or ""  local minlength=args.minlength or pargs.minlength or 1  minlength=tonumber(minlength)  local prowl=mw.ustring.gmatch(text,"(.-)(%d+)")  local output=""  repeat  local chaff,dec=prowl()  if not(dec) then break end  local hex=decToHexDigit(dec)  while (mw.ustring.len(hex)<minlength) do hex="0"..hex end  output=output..chaff..hex  until false  local chaff=mw.ustring.match(text,"(%D+)$") or ""  return output..chaff  end   return p