return { -- wp preferred names -- IANA language names and notes --ISO 639-1 codes  ["ab"] = {"Abkhaz"}, -- Abkhazian  ["an"] = {"Aragonese"}, -- Aragonese; same, delete?  ["av"] = {"Avar"}, -- Avaric  ["bh"] = {"Bihari"}, -- Bihari languages; collective  ["bo"] = {"Standard Tibetan"}, -- Tibetan  ["cu"] = {"สลาวอนิกคริสตจักรเก่า"}, -- Church Slavic, Church Slavonic, Old Bulgarian, Old Church Slavonic, Old Slavonic  ["de-AT"] = {"Austrian German"},  ["el"] = {"Greek"}, -- Modern Greek (1453-)  ["en-AU"] = {"Australian English"},  ["en-CA"] = {"Canadian English"},  ["en-GB"] = {"British English"},  ["en-IE"] = {"Irish English"},  ["en-NZ"] = {"New Zealand English"},  ["en-SA"] = {"South African English"},  ["en-US"] = {"American English"},  ["ff"] = {"Fula"}, -- Fulah  ["fy"] = {"Frisian"}, -- Western Frisian  ["ht"] = {"Haitian Creole"}, -- Haitian, Haitian Creole  ["hz"] = {"Otjiherero"}, -- Herero  ["ia"] = {"Interlingua"}, -- Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)  ["ii"] = {"Yi"}, -- Sichuan Yi, Nuosu  ["ki"] = {"Gikuyu"}, -- Kikuyu, Gikuyu  ["kk"] = {"Kazakh"}, -- Kazakh; same, delete?  ["kl"] = {"Greenlandic"}, -- Kalaallisut, Greenlandic  ["km"] = {"Khmer"}, -- Central Khmer  ["ky"] = {"Kyrgyz"}, -- Kirghiz, Kyrgyz  ["lg"] = {"Luganda"}, -- Ganda  ["li"] = {"Limburgish"}, -- Limburgan, Limburger, Limburgish  ["mi"] = {"Māori"}, -- Maori  ["ms"] = {"มลายู"}, -- Malay (macrolanguage)  ["na"] = {"Nauruan"}, -- Nauru  ["nb"] = {"Bokmål"}, -- Norwegian Bokmål  ["nd"] = {"Northern Ndebele"}, -- North Ndebele  ["ne"] = {"Nepali"}, -- Nepali (macrolanguage)  ["nn"] = {"Nynorsk"}, -- Norwegian Nynorsk  ["nr"] = {"Southern Ndebele"}, -- South Ndebele  ["ny"] = {"Chichewa"}, -- Nyanja, Chewa, Chichewa  ["oc"] = {"Occitan"}, -- Occitan (post 1500)  ["oj"] = {"Ojibwe"}, -- Ojibwa  ["or"] = {"Odia"}, -- Oriya (macrolanguage), Odia (macrolanguage)  ["pa"] = {"Punjabi"}, -- Panjabi, Punjabi  ["pi"] = {"Pali"}, -- Pali; same, delete?  ["rn"] = {"Kirundi"}, -- Rundi  ["ro"] = {"Romanian"}, -- Romanian, Moldavian, Moldovan; same as first in IANA list, delete?  ["rw"] = {"Kinyarwanda"}, -- Kinyarwanda; same, delete?  ["si"] = {"Sinhalese"}, -- Sinhala, Sinhalese  ["sl"] = {"Slovene"}, -- Slovenian  ["sr-Cyrl"] = {"Serbian Cyrillic"}, -- sr = Serbian; Cyrillic is the alphabet  ["ss"] = {"Swazi"}, -- Swati  ["st"] = {"Sotho"}, -- Southern Sotho  ["sw"] = {"Swahili"}, -- Swahili (macrolanguage)  ["to"] = {"Tongan"}, -- Tonga (Tonga Islands)  ["za"] = {"Zhuang"}, -- Zhuang, Chuang; ; same as first in IANA list, delete?   -- ISO 639-2 codes  ["ber"] = {"Berber"}, -- Berber languages  ["cel"] = {"Proto-Celtic"}, -- Celtic languages  ["gem"] = {"Proto-Germanic"}, -- Germanic languages  ["myn"] = {"Mayan"}, -- Mayan languages  ["nah"] = {"Nahuatl"}, -- Nahuatl languages  ["pra"] = {"Prakrit"}, -- Prakrit languages -- ["roa"] = {"Jèrriais"}, -- Romance languages  ["sal"] = {"Salish"}, -- Salishan languages  ["sla"] = {"Slavic"}, -- Slavic languages  ["son"] = {"Songhay"}, -- Songhai languages  ["wen"] = {"Sorbian"}, -- Sorbian languages   -- ISO 639-3 codes  ["abk"] = {"Abkhaz"}, -- not in IANA; see code ab  ["ace"] = {"Acehnese"}, -- Achinese  ["aec"] = {"Sa'idi Arabic"}, -- Saidi Arabic  ["ain"] = {"Ainu"}, -- Ainu (Japan)  ["akl"] = {"Aklan"}, -- Aklanon  ["alt"] = {"Altay"}, -- Southern Altai  ["ang"] = {"Old English"}, -- Old English (ca. 450-1100)  ["apm"] = {"Mescalero-Chiricahua"}, -- Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache  ["bal"] = {"Balochi"}, -- Baluchi -- ["bar"] = {"Austro-Bavarian"}, -- Bavarian  ["bcl"] = {"Central Bicolano"}, -- Central Bikol  ["bin"] = {"Edo"}, -- Bini, Edo  ["bpy"] = {"Bishnupriya Manipuri"}, -- Bishnupriya  ["brx"] = {"Bodo"}, -- Bodo (India)  ["chg"] = {"Chagatay"}, -- Chagatai  ["chm"] = {"Mari"}, -- Mari (Russia)  ["ckb"] = {"Sorani Kurdish"}, -- Central Kurdish  ["cnu"] = {"Shenwa"}, -- Chenoua  ["coc"] = {"Cocopah"}, -- Cocopa  ["deu"] = {"early German"}, -- not in IANA; see code de  ["diq"] = {"Zazaki"}, -- Dimli (individual language)  ["egy"] = {"Egyptian"}, -- Egyptian (Ancient)  ["ell"] = {"Modern Greek"}, -- not in IANA; see code el  ["enm"] = {"Middle English"}, -- Middle English (1100-1500)  ["fit"] = {"Meänkieli"}, -- Tornedalen Finnish  ["fkv"] = {"Kven"}, -- Kven Finnish  ["frk"] = {"Old Frankish"}, -- Frankish  ["frm"] = {"Middle French"}, -- Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)  ["fro"] = {"Old French"}, -- Old French (842-ca. 1400)  ["fry"] = {"West Frisian"}, -- not in IANA; see code fy  ["gez"] = {"Ge'ez"}, -- Geez  ["gju"] = {"Gujari "}, -- Gujari; same, delete?  ["gmh"] = {"Middle High German"}, -- Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)  ["goh"] = {"Old High German"}, -- Old High German (ca. 750-1050)  ["grc"] = {"Ancient Greek"}, -- Ancient Greek (to 1453)  ["gsw"] = {"Alemannic German"}, -- Swiss German, Alemannic, Alsatian  ["gul"] = {"Gullah"}, -- Sea Island Creole English  ["hak"] = {"Hakka"}, -- Hakka Chinese  ["hbo"] = {"Biblical Hebrew"}, -- Ancient Hebrew  ["hnd"] = {"Hindko"}, -- Southern Hindko  ["ikt"] = {"Inuvialuk"}, -- Inuinnaqtun, Western Canadian Inuktitut -- ["ilo"] = {"Ilokano"}, -- Iloko; disabled here in favor of Ilocano in Module:Lang/data  ["kaa"] = {"Karakalpak"}, -- Kara-Kalpak  ["khb"] = {"Tai Lü"}, -- Lü  ["kmr"] = {"Kurmanji Kurdish"}, -- Northern Kurdish  ["knn"] = {"Konkani"}, -- Konkani (individual language)  ["kok"] = {"Konkani"}, -- Konkani (macrolanguage)  ["kpo"] = {"Kposo"}, -- Ikposo  ["krj"] = {"Kinaray-a"}, -- Kinaray-A -- ["ksh"] = {"Ripuarian"}, -- Kölsch; --ksh is the code of Colognian, but ksh.wiki is the Ripuarian Wikipedia; disabled here so that:  -- ksh -> IANA/ISO-639-3 Kölsch; ksh-x-colog -> Colognian & mis-x-ripuar -> Ripuarian both defined in Module:Lang/data  ["ktz"] = {"Juǀ'hoan"}, -- Ju/'hoan, Juǀʼhoan, Juǀʼhoansi  ["lez"] = {"Lezgian"}, -- Lezghian  ["liv"] = {"Livonian"}, -- Liv  ["lng"] = {"Lombardic"}, -- Langobardic -- ["maz"] = {"Mazovian"}, -- Central Mazahua; a misuse of code for an unrelated language;  ["mga"] = {"Middle Irish"}, -- Middle Irish (900-1200)  ["mhr"] = {"Mari"}, -- Eastern Mari  ["mia"] = {"Miami-Illinois"}, -- Miami  ["miq"] = {"Miskito"}, -- Mískito  ["mix"] = {"Mixtec"}, -- Mixtepec Mixtec -- ["mla"] = {"Medieval Latin"}, -- Malo; clearly a misuse of code mla;  ["mni"] = {"Meitei"}, -- Manipuri  ["mol"] = {"Moldovan", "ro"}, -- Moldavian, Moldovan (639-3, both retired)  ["mrj"] = {"Hill Mari"}, -- Western Mari  ["mww"] = {"White Hmong"}, -- Hmong Daw  ["mzn"] = {"Mazanderani"}, -- Mazanderani -- ["nan"] = {"Taiwanese Hokkien"}, -- Min Nan Chinese; disabled here so that nan -> Min Nan Chinese; nan-tw -> Taiwanese Hokkien in Module:Lang/data  ["naq"] = {"Khoekhoe"}, -- Khoekhoe, Nama (Namibia); same as first in IANA list, delete? -- ["naz"] = {"North Azeri"}, -- Coatepec Nahuatl; clearly a misuse of code naz  ["nci"] = {"Classical Nahuatl"}, -- Classical Nahuatl; same, delete?  ["nds-nl"] = {"Dutch Low Saxon"}, -- Low German, Low Saxon; as spoken in the Netherlands; see code nsd  ["new"] = {"Nepal Bhasa"}, -- Newari, Nepal Bhasa -- ["nrm"] = {"Norman"}, -- Narom; clearly a misuse of code nrm -- ["nsd"] = {"Dutch Low Saxon"}, -- Southern Nisu; how can this be right? typo related to code nds-nl?  ["nso"] = {"Northern Sotho"}, -- Pedi, Northern Sotho, Sepedi  ["nwc"] = {"Classical Nepal Bhasa"}, -- Classical Newari, Classical Nepal Bhasa, Old Newari  ["oci"] = {"Provençal"}, -- oc  ["ood"] = {"O'odham"}, -- Tohono O'odham  ["ota"] = {"ตุรกีออตโตมัน"}, -- Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)  ["otk"] = {"Old Turkic"}, -- Old Turkish  ["pal"] = {"Middle Persian"}, -- Pahlavi  ["pam"] = {"Kapampangan"}, -- Pampanga, Kapampangan  ["peo"] = {"Old Persian"}, -- Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)  ["phr"] = {"Potwari"}, -- Pahari-Potwari  ["pka"] = {"Jain Prakrit"}, -- Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit  ["pnb"] = {"Punjabi"}, -- Western Panjabi  ["psu"] = {"Shauraseni"}, -- Sauraseni Prākrit  ["rap"] = {"Rapa Nui"}, -- Rapanui  ["rar"] = {"Cook Islands Māori"}, -- Rarotongan, Cook Islands Maori  ["rmu"] = {"Scandoromani"}, -- Tavringer Romani  ["rom"] = {"Romani"}, -- Romany  ["rup"] = {"Aromanian"}, -- Macedo-Romanian, Aromanian, Arumanian  ["rus"] = {"Russian"}, -- not in IANA; see code ru  ["ryu"] = {"Okinawan"}, -- Central Okinawan -- ["sah"] = {"Sakha"}, -- Yakut; article moved to Yakut with this disucssion: Talk:Yakut_language#Requested_move_21_September_2015  ["sdc"] = {"Sassarese"}, -- Sassarese Sardinian  ["sdn"] = {"Gallurese"}, -- Gallurese Sardinian  ["sga"] = {"Old Irish"}, -- Old Irish (to 900)  ["shp"] = {"Shipibo"}, -- Shipibo-Conibo  ["skr"] = {"Saraiki"}, -- Saraiki, Seraiki; same as first in IANA list, delete?  ["src"] = {"Logudorese"}, -- Logudorese Sardinian  ["sro"] = {"Campidanese"}, -- Campidanese Sardinian  ["tkl"] = {"Tokelauan"}, -- Tokelau  ["tvl"] = {"Tuvaluan"}, -- Tuvalu  ["tyv"] = {"Tuvan"}, -- Tuvinian  ["vls"] = {"West Flemish"}, -- Vlaams  ["war"] = {"Waray"}, -- Waray (Philippines)  ["wep"] = {"Westphalian"}, -- Westphalien  ["xal"] = {"Oirat"}, -- Kalmyk, Oirat  ["xal-RU"] = {"Kalmyk Oirat"},  ["xcl"] = {"Old Armenian"}, -- Classical Armenian  ["yua"] = {"Yucatec Maya"}, -- Yucateco, Yucatec Maya   --[[ non-standard codes  these tags are mostly (all?) supported by the MediaWiki {{#language:}} magic word; none are valid IETF language tags. Templates needing these tags might be better served by using the magic word or the functions available in Module:mw lang via its template {{mw lang}} ]] --[[  ["bat-smg"] = {"Samogitian"}, -- bat = Baltic languages (639-2); dialect of Lithuanian has it's own IANA code sgs; bat-smg  ["be-x-old "] = {"Belarusian (Taraškievica)"}, -- be = Belarusian; x-old = private use tag; be-x-old.wikipedia.org; space char in index may indicate that this code not used  ["cbk-zam"] = {"Chavacano"}, -- cbk = Chavacano; zam = Zamboangueño? zam is not an IANA-registered extlang; cbk-zam.wikipedia.org -- ["cg"] = {"Montenegrin", "sr-ME"}, -- IANA / ISO 639-3 code is cnr  ["en-emodeng"] = {"Early Modern English"}, -- emodeng is not an IANA-registered variant  ["fiu-vro"] = {"Võro"}, -- fiu = Finno-Ugrian languages (639-2); vro = Võro (639-3); fiu-vro.wikipedia.org  ["gkm"] = {"Medieval Greek", "grc"},  ["grc-gre"] = {"Greek", "grc"}, -- grc = Ancient Greek (to 1453); gre not an IANA-registered code; used by Template:lang-grc-gre  ["map-bms"] = {"Banyumasan"}, -- dialect of Javanese; map = Austronesian languages (639-2); bms is an IANA registered code not related to Javanese; map-bms.wikipedia.org  ["roa-rup"] = {"Aromanian"}, -- roa = Romance languages (639-2); rup = Macedo-Romanian, Aromanian, Arumanian (639-3); roa-rup.wikipedia.org  ["roa-tara"] = {"Tarantino"}, -- roa = Romance languages (639-2); tara is not an IANA registered script; roa-tara.wikipedia.org  ["simple"] = {"Simple English"}, -- simple is not an IANA registered variant; simple.wikipedia.org  ["zh-classical"] = {"Classical Chinese"}, -- zh = Chinese; classical is not an IANA-registered variant; zh-classical.wikipedia.org  ["zh-min-nan"] = {"Min Nan"}, -- zh-min-nan = Minnan, Hokkien, Amoy, Taiwanese, Southern Min, Southern Fujian, Hoklo, Southern Fukien, Ho-lo; granfathered in IANA, nan preferred; zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org  ["zh-yue"] = {"Cantonese"} -- zh-yue = Cantonese; redundant in IANA, yue preferred; zh-yue.wikipedia.org ]] }