-- Version 2021-02-17  local p = {}  p.trim = function(frame)  local s = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")  return s end  p.upper = function(frame)  local s = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")  return string.upper(s) end  p.lower = function(frame)  local s = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")  return string.lower(s) end  p.sentence = function (frame )  frame.args[1] = string.lower(frame.args[1])  return p.ucfirst(frame) end  p.ucfirst = function (frame )  local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" )  local s1 = ""  -- if it's a list chop off and (store as s1) everything up to the first <li>  local lipos = mw.ustring.find(s, "<li>" )  if lipos then  s1 = mw.ustring.sub(s, 1, lipos + 3)  s = mw.ustring.sub(s, lipos + 4)  end  -- s1 is either "" or the first part of the list markup, so we can continue  -- and prepend s1 to the returned string  local letterpos  if mw.ustring.find(s, "^%[%[[^|]+|[^%]]+%]%]") then  -- this is a piped wikilink, so we capitalise the text, not the pipe  local _  _, letterpos = mw.ustring.find(s, "|%A*%a") -- find the first letter after the pipe  else  letterpos = mw.ustring.find(s, '%a')  end  if letterpos then  local first = mw.ustring.sub(s, 1, letterpos - 1)  local letter = mw.ustring.sub(s, letterpos, letterpos)  local rest = mw.ustring.sub(s, letterpos + 1)  return s1 .. first .. mw.ustring.upper(letter) .. rest  else  return s1 .. s  end end  p.title = function (frame )  -- http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/capitalization/rules-for-capitalization-in-titles.html  -- recommended by The U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual:  -- "Capitalize all words in titles of publications and documents,  -- except a, an, the, at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up, and, as, but, or, and nor."  local alwayslower = {['a'] = 1, ['an'] = 1, ['the'] = 1,  ['and'] = 1, ['but'] = 1, ['or'] = 1, ['for'] = 1,  ['nor'] = 1, ['on'] = 1, ['in'] = 1, ['at'] = 1, ['to'] = 1,  ['from'] = 1, ['by'] = 1, ['of'] = 1, ['up'] = 1 }  local res = ''  local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" )  local words = mw.text.split( s, " ")  for i, s in ipairs(words) do  s = string.lower( s )  if( i > 1 and alwayslower[s] == 1) then  -- leave in lowercase  else  s = mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(s)  end  words[i] = s  end  return table.concat(words, " ") end  -- findlast finds the last item in a list -- the first unnamed parameter is the list -- the second, optional unnamed parameter is the list separator (default = comma space) -- returns the whole list if separator not found p.findlast = function(frame)  local s = mw.text.trim( frame.args[1] or "" )  local sep = frame.args[2] or ""  if sep == "" then sep = ", " end  local pattern = ".*" .. sep .. "(.*)"  local a, b, last = s:find(pattern)  if a then  return last  else  return s  end end  -- stripZeros finds the first number and strips leading zeros (apart from units) -- e.g "0940" -> "940"; "Year: 0023" -> "Year: 23"; "00.12" -> "0.12" p.stripZeros = function(frame)  local s = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")  local n = tonumber( string.match( s, "%d+" ) ) or ""  s = string.gsub( s, "%d+", n, 1 )  return s end  -- nowiki ensures that a string of text is treated by the MediaWiki software as just a string -- it takes an unnamed parameter and trims whitespace, then removes any wikicode p.nowiki = function(frame)  local str = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1] or "")  return mw.text.nowiki(str) end  -- posnq (position, no quotes) returns the numerical start position of the first occurrence -- of one piece of text ("match") inside another ("str"). -- It returns nil if no match is found, or if either parameter is blank. -- It takes the text to be searched in as the first unnamed parameter, which is trimmed. -- It takes the text to match as the second unnamed parameter, which is trimmed and -- any double quotes " are stripped out. p.posnq = function(frame)  local args = frame.args  local pargs = frame:getParent().args  for k, v in pairs(pargs) do  args[k] = v  end  local str = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.source or "")  local match = mw.text.trim(args[2] or args.target or ""):gsub('"', '')  if str == "" or match == "" then return nil end  local plain = mw.text.trim(args[3] or args.plain or "")  if plain == "false" then plain = false else plain = true end  local nomatch = mw.text.trim(args[4] or args.nomatch or "")  -- just take the start position  local pos = mw.ustring.find(str, match, 1, plain) or nomatch  return pos end  -- split splits text at boundaries specified by separator -- and returns the chunk for the index idx (starting at 1) -- #invoke:String2 |split |text |separator |index |true/false -- #invoke:String2 |split |txt=text |sep=separator |idx=index |plain=true/false -- if plain is false/no/0 then separator is treated as a Lua pattern - defaults to plain=true p.split = function(frame)  local args = frame.args  if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end  local txt = args[1] or args.txt or ""  if txt == "" then return nil end  local sep = (args[2] or args.sep or ""):gsub('"', '')  local idx = tonumber(args[3] or args.idx) or 1  local plain = (args[4] or args.plain or "true"):sub(1,1)  plain = (plain ~= "f" and plain ~= "n" and plain ~= "0")  local splittbl = mw.text.split( txt, sep, plain )  if idx < 0 then idx = #splittbl + idx + 1 end  return splittbl[idx] end  -- val2percent scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt= -- it converts each number it finds into a percentage and returns the resultant string. p.val2percent = function(frame)  local args = frame.args  if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end  local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or "")  if txt == "" then return nil end  local function v2p (x)  x = (tonumber(x) or 0) * 100  if x == math.floor(x) then x = math.floor(x) end  return x .. "%"  end  txt = txt:gsub("%d[%d%.]*", v2p) -- store just the string  return txt end  -- one2a scans through a string, passed as either the first unnamed parameter or |txt= -- it converts each occurrence of 'one ' into either 'a ' or 'an ' and returns the resultant string. p.one2a = function(frame)  local args = frame.args  if not(args[1] or args.txt) then args = frame:getParent().args end  local txt = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.txt or "")  if txt == "" then return nil end  txt = txt:gsub(" one ", " a "):gsub("^one", "a"):gsub("One ", "A "):gsub("a ([aeiou])", "an %1"):gsub("A ([aeiou])", "An %1")  return txt end  -- findpagetext returns the position of a piece of text in a page -- First positional parameter or |text is the search text -- Optional parameter |title is the page title, defaults to current page -- Optional parameter |plain is either true for plain search (default) or false for Lua pattern search -- Optional parameter |nomatch is the return value when no match is found; default is nil p._findpagetext = function(args)  -- process parameters  local nomatch = args.nomatch or ""  if nomatch == "" then nomatch = nil end  --  local text = mw.text.trim(args[1] or args.text or "")  if text == "" then return nil end  --  local title = args.title or ""  local titleobj  if title == "" then  titleobj = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()  else  titleobj = mw.title.new(title)  end  --  local plain = args.plain or ""  if plain:sub(1, 1) == "f" then plain = false else plain = true end  -- get the page content and look for 'text' - return position or nomatch  local content = titleobj:getContent()  return mw.ustring.find(content, text, 1, plain) or nomatch -- returns multiple values end p.findpagetext = function(frame)  local args = frame.args  local pargs = frame:getParent().args  for k, v in pairs(pargs) do  args[k] = v  end  if not (args[1] or args.text) then return nil end  -- just the first value  return (p._findpagetext(args)) end  -- returns the decoded url. Inverse of parser function {{urlencode:val|TYPE}} -- Type is: -- QUERY decodes + to space (default) -- PATH does no extra decoding -- WIKI decodes _ to space p._urldecode = function(url, type)  url = url or ""  type = (type == "PATH" or type == "WIKI") and type  return mw.uri.decode( url, type ) end -- {{#invoke:String2|urldecode|url=url|type=type}} p.urldecode = function(frame)  return mw.uri.decode( frame.args.url, frame.args.type ) end  -- what follows was merged from Module:StringFunc  -- helper functions p._GetParameters = require('Module:GetParameters')  -- Argument list helper function, as per Module:String p._getParameters = p._GetParameters.getParameters  -- Escape Pattern helper function so that all characters are treated as plain text, as per Module:String function p._escapePattern( pattern_str)  return mw.ustring.gsub( pattern_str, "([%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]])", "%%%1" ); end  -- Helper Function to interpret boolean strings, as per Module:String p._getBoolean = p._GetParameters.getBoolean  --[[ Strip  This function Strips characters from string  Usage: {{#invoke:String2|strip|source_string|characters_to_strip|plain_flag}}  Parameters  source: The string to strip  chars: The pattern or list of characters to strip from string, replaced with ''  plain: A flag indicating that the chars should be understood as plain text. defaults to true.  Leading and trailing whitespace is also automatically stripped from the string. ]] function p.strip( frame )  local new_args = p._getParameters( frame.args, {'source', 'chars', 'plain'} )  local source_str = new_args['source'] or '';  local chars = new_args['chars'] or '' or 'characters';  source_str = mw.text.trim(source_str);  if source_str == '' or chars == '' then  return source_str;  end  local l_plain = p._getBoolean( new_args['plain'] or true );  if l_plain then  chars = p._escapePattern( chars );  end  local result;  result = mw.ustring.gsub(source_str, "["..chars.."]", '')  return result; end  return p