English: Expanded view of climate change during the last five million years, showing the rapid oscillations in the glacial state.View of climate change extending back through the last 540 million years, including many cycles of change from warm to cold and back again.
This figure shows climate change over the last 65 million years. The data are based on a compilation of oxygen isotope measurements (δ18O) on benthic foraminifera by Zachos et al. (2001) which reflect a combination of local temperature changes in their environment and changes in the isotopic composition of sea water associated with the growth and retreat of continental ice sheets.
Because it is related to both factors, it is not possible to uniquely tie these measurements to temperature without additional constraints. For the most recent data, an approximate relationship to temperature can be made by observing that the oxygen isotope measurements of Lisiecki and Raymo (2005) are tightly correlated to temperature changes at Vostok as established by Petit et al. (1999). Present day is indicated as 0. For the oldest part of the record, when temperatures were much warmer than today, it is possible to estimate temperature changes in the polar oceans (where these measurements were made) based on the observation that no significant ice sheets existed and hence all fluctuation in (δ18O) must result from local temperature changes (as reported by Zachos et al.).
The intermediate portion of the record is dominated by large fluctuations in the mass of the Antarctic ice sheet, which first nucleates approximately 34 million years ago, then partially dissipates around 25 million years ago, before re-expanding towards its present state 13 million years ago. These fluctuations make it impossible to constrain temperature changes without additional controls.
Significant growth of ice sheets did not begin in Greenland and North America until approximately 3 million years ago, following the formation of the Isthmus of Panama by continental drift. This ushered in an era of rapidly cycling glacials and interglacials (see figure at upper right).
Also appearing on this graph are the Eocene Climatic Optimum, an extended period of very warm temperatures, and the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (labeled PETM). The PETM is very short lived high temperature excursion possibly associated with the destablization of methane clathrates and the rapid buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Due to the coarse sampling and averaging involved in this record, it is likely that the full magnitude of the PETM is underestimated by a factor of 2-4 times its apparent height.
วันที่
17 December 2005
แหล่งที่มา
งานของตัว
ผู้สร้างสรรค์
Robert A. Rohde
การอนุญาต (การใช้ไฟล์นี้ใหม่)
This figure was prepared by Robert A. Rohde from published and publicly available data and is incorporated into the Global Warming Art project.
การอนุญาตใช้สิทธิ
Image from Global Warming Art
This image is an original work created for Global Warming Art. Please refer to the image description page for more information.
The data is plotted as a 10 point average of the original data to minimize measurement noise.
The absolute calibration of the early part of the record relative to modern-day is somewhat uncertain, so that the entire scale may need to be shifted ± a few degrees for a true comparison to present.
The labels on the top and bottom of the figure are abbreviations for different geologic epochs of the geologic time scale.
The data shown is very useful, when observing a long period of time.
References
Lisiecki, L. E., and M. E. Raymo (2005). "A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records" (PDF). Paleoceanography20: 1003. doi:10.1029/2004PA001071.[ลิงก์เสีย]
Petit J.R., Jouzel J., Raynaud D., Barkov N.I., Barnola J.M., Basile I., Bender M., Chappellaz J., Davis J., Delaygue G., Delmotte M., Kotlyakov V.M., Legrand M., Lipenkov V., Lorius C., Pépin L., Ritz C., Saltzman E., Stievenard M. (1999). "Climate and Atmospheric History of the Past 420,000 years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica". Nature399: 429–436.
Zachos, James, Mark Pagani, Lisa Sloan, Ellen Thomas, and Katharina Billups (2001). "Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present". Science292 (5517): 686–693. doi:10.1126/science.1059412.
ไฟล, climate, change, ไฟล, ประว, ไฟล, หน, าท, ภาพน, การใช, ไฟล, วนกลางไม, ภาพท, รายละเอ, ยดส, งกว, าน, climate, change, 8206, กเซล, ขนาดไฟล, โลไบต, ชน, ดไมม, image, ปภาพหร, อไฟล, เส, ยงน, นฉบ, บอย, คอมมอนส, รายละเอ, ยดด, านล, าง, เป, นข, อความท, แสดงผลจาก, ไฟล. ifl prawtiifl hnathimiphaphni karichiflswnklangimmiphaphthimiraylaexiydsungkwani 65 Myr Climate Change png 8206 650 397 phikesl khnadifl 21 kiolibt chnidimm image png rupphaphhruxiflesiyngni tnchbbxyuthi khxmmxns raylaexiyddanlang epnkhxkhwamthiaesdngphlcak ifltnchbbinkhxmmxns khxmmxnsepnewbistinokhrngkarsahrbekbrwbrwmsuxesri thi khunsamarthchwyid enuxha 1 khwamyx 2 karxnuyatichsiththi 3 Notes 4 References 5 derivative works khwamyx khaxthibay65 Myr Climate Change png English Expanded view of climate change during the last five million years showing the rapid oscillations in the glacial state View of climate change extending back through the last 540 million years including many cycles of change from warm to cold and back again This figure shows climate change over the last 65 million years The data are based on a compilation of oxygen isotope measurements d18O on benthic foraminifera by Zachos et al 2001 which reflect a combination of local temperature changes in their environment and changes in the isotopic composition of sea water associated with the growth and retreat of continental ice sheets Because it is related to both factors it is not possible to uniquely tie these measurements to temperature without additional constraints For the most recent data an approximate relationship to temperature can be made by observing that the oxygen isotope measurements of Lisiecki and Raymo 2005 are tightly correlated to temperature changes at Vostok as established by Petit et al 1999 Present day is indicated as 0 For the oldest part of the record when temperatures were much warmer than today it is possible to estimate temperature changes in the polar oceans where these measurements were made based on the observation that no significant ice sheets existed and hence all fluctuation in d18O must result from local temperature changes as reported by Zachos et al The intermediate portion of the record is dominated by large fluctuations in the mass of the Antarctic ice sheet which first nucleates approximately 34 million years ago then partially dissipates around 25 million years ago before re expanding towards its present state 13 million years ago These fluctuations make it impossible to constrain temperature changes without additional controls Significant growth of ice sheets did not begin in Greenland and North America until approximately 3 million years ago following the formation of the Isthmus of Panama by continental drift This ushered in an era of rapidly cycling glacials and interglacials see figure at upper right Also appearing on this graph are the Eocene Climatic Optimum an extended period of very warm temperatures and the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum labeled PETM The PETM is very short lived high temperature excursion possibly associated with the destablization of methane clathrates and the rapid buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere Due to the coarse sampling and averaging involved in this record it is likely that the full magnitude of the PETM is underestimated by a factor of 2 4 times its apparent height wnthi 17 December 2005 aehlngthima ngankhxngtw phusrangsrrkh Robert A Rohde karxnuyat karichiflniihm This figure was prepared by Robert A Rohde from published and publicly available data and is incorporated into the Global Warming Art project karxnuyatichsiththi Image from Global Warming Art This image is an original work created for Global Warming Art Please refer to the image description page for more information xnuyatihkhdlxk aeckcayaela hruxddaeprexksarniphayitenguxnikhkhxngsyyaxnuyatexksaresrikhxngknu run 1 2 hruxrunid nbcaknithixxkodymulnithisxftaewresri odyimmiswnidhamaekikh immikhxkhwampkhnaaelapkhlng saenakhxngsyyaxnuyatrwmxyuinswnchux syyaxnuyatexksaresrikhxngknuhttp www gnu org copyleft fdl html GFDL GNU Free Documentation License true true iflnixyuphayitsyyaxnuyat khriexthifkhxmmxns aebbaesdngthima xnuyataebbediywkn 3 0 tnchbb khunsamarth thicaaebngpn thicathasaena aeckcay aelasngngandngklawtxip thicaeriyberiyngihm thicaddaeplngngandngklaw phayitenguxnikhtxipni aesdngthima khuntxngihekiyrtiecakhxngnganxyangehmaasm odyephimlingkipyngsyyaxnuyat aelarabuhakmikarepliynaeplng khunxacthaechnniidinrupaebbidkidtamkhwr aettxngimichinlksnathiaenawaphuihxnuyatsnbsnunkhunhruxkarichngankhxngkhun xnuyataebbediywkn hakkhunddaeplng epliynrup hruxtxetimnganni khuntxngichsyyaxnuyataebbediywknhruxaebbthiehmuxnkbsyyaxnuyatthiichkbnganniethann payaesdngsthanalikhsiththinithukephimephuxihepniptamkarepliynaeplngsyyaxnuyatkhxngmulnithiwikimiediy cak GFDL ipyng GFDL khwbkhukb CC BY SA 3 0 http creativecommons org licenses by sa 3 0 CC BY SA 3 0 Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3 0 true true Notes The data is plotted as a 10 point average of the original data to minimize measurement noise The absolute calibration of the early part of the record relative to modern day is somewhat uncertain so that the entire scale may need to be shifted a few degrees for a true comparison to present The labels on the top and bottom of the figure are abbreviations for different geologic epochs of the geologic time scale The data shown is very useful when observing a long period of time References Lisiecki L E and M E Raymo 2005 A Pliocene Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records PDF Paleoceanography 20 1003 doi 10 1029 2004PA001071 lingkesiy Petit J R Jouzel J Raynaud D Barkov N I Barnola J M Basile I Bender M Chappellaz J Davis J Delaygue G Delmotte M Kotlyakov V M Legrand M Lipenkov V Lorius C Pepin L Ritz C Saltzman E Stievenard M 1999 Climate and Atmospheric History of the Past 420 000 years from the Vostok Ice Core Antarctica Nature 399 429 436 Zachos James Mark Pagani Lisa Sloan Ellen Thomas and Katharina Billups 2001 Trends Rhythms and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present Science 292 5517 686 693 doi 10 1126 science 1059412 derivative works iflxunthiichiflni 65 Myr Climate Change croppedIT png 65 milions d anys de canvi climatic pngkhabrryayodyyxithyephimkhabrryaythrrthdediywephuxkhyaykhwamwaiflnimixairixethmthiaesdngxyuiniflniprakxbdwysthanalikhsiththimilikhsiththisyyaxnuyatGNU Free Documentation License version 1 2 or later nbsp xngkvsCreative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 3 0 Unported nbsp xngkvswnthisrang wnkxtng17 thnwakhm 2005MIME type nbsp xngkvsimage pngchecksum nbsp xngkvsfde0e20cdda21a80377578d80f730e3bed593b68withikarkahnd SHA 1 nbsp xngkvsdata size nbsp xngkvs21 498 ibtkhwamsung397 phikeslkhwamkwang650 phikesl prawtiifl khlikwnthi ewlaephuxduiflthipraktinkhnann wnthi ewlarupyxkhnadphuichkhwamehn pccubn20 15 18 krkdakhm 2553650 397 21 kiolibt SeL mediatime axis reversed 05 51 18 thnwakhm 2548650 397 25 kiolibt Saperaud commonswiki 039 039 039 Description 039 039 039 en Image subst PAGENAME hnathimiphaphni immihnaidoyngmathiphaphnikarichiflswnklang wikixuntxipniichiflni karichbn ar wikipedia org بوابة الأنواع المنقرضة والمهددة بالانقراض بوابة الأنواع المنقرضة والمهددة بالانقراض أخبار العصر النيوجيني الحد الأقصى للحرارة البالوسينية الإيوسينية karichbn bs wikipedia org Eocen karichbn ca wikipedia org Esdeveniment d Azolla karichbn cs wikipedia org Antarktida Paleocenni eocenni teplotni maximum karichbn da wikipedia org Antarktis iskappe karichbn de wikipedia org Sauerstoff Isotopenstufe Abrupter Klimawechsel karichbn en wikipedia org Oligocene Climate variability and change Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum Foraminifera Antarctic ice sheet Geologic temperature record User Dragons flight Images Clathrate gun hypothesis User Mporter Climate data User Debnigo Azolla event Wikipedia Reference desk Archives Science 2010 April 23 User GEOG430Anon sandbox User Pminhas97 sandbox 2021 in the environment karichbn en wikibooks org Planet Earth 5e 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