ขนาดของตัวอย่างนี้: 479 × 599 พิกเซล ความละเอียดอื่น: 192 × 240 พิกเซล | 384 × 480 พิกเซล | 721 × 902 พิกเซล
ดูภาพที่มีความละเอียดสูงกว่า (721 × 902 พิกเซล, ขนาดไฟล์: 280 กิโลไบต์, ชนิดไมม์: image/png)
The factual accuracy of this file is disputed. Order of colors in the rainbow in the lower part of the picture is reversed. |
คำอธิบายRainbow formation.png | English: Diagram showing how primary and secondary rainbows are formed due to the light propagation in spherical droplets. Details follow soon! Legend:
Español: Diagrama que muestra como se forman los arco iris primarios y secundarios debido a la descomposición de luz blanca en gotitas esféricas: Leyenda:
Português: Diagrama que mostra como se formam os arco-íris primários e secundários em função da decomposição de luz branca em gotículas esféricas: Legenda:
Català: Diagrama que mostra com es formen els arcs de Sant Martí primaris i secundaris a causa de la descomposició de la llum blanca en gotes esfèriques: Llegenda:
Tiếng Việt: Sơ đồ cho thấy cách cầu vồng sơ cấp và thứ cấp được hình thành do sự truyền ánh sáng trong các giọt hình cầu. Thông tin chi tiết theo dõi ngay sau đây: Huyền thoại:
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แหล่งที่มา | See below / Mirar abajo / Ver abaixo |
ผู้สร้างสรรค์ | Peo |
ข้าพเจ้า ในฐานะผู้ถือลิขสิทธิ์ของภาพหรือสื่อนี้ อนุญาตให้ใช้ภาพหรือสื่อนี้ภายใต้เงื่อนไขต่อไปนี้
อนุญาตให้คัดลอก แจกจ่ายและ/หรือดัดแปรเอกสารนี้ภายใต้เงื่อนไขของสัญญาอนุญาตเอกสารเสรีของกนู รุ่น 1.2 หรือรุ่นใด ๆ นับจากนี้ที่ออกโดยมูลนิธิซอฟต์แวร์เสรี โดยไม่มีส่วนใดห้ามแก้ไข ไม่มีข้อความปกหน้าและปกหลัง สำเนาของสัญญาอนุญาตรวมอยู่ในส่วนชื่อ สัญญาอนุญาตเอกสารเสรีของกนูhttp://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.htmlGFDLGNU Free Documentation Licensetruetrue |
ไฟล์นี้อยู่ภายใต้สัญญาอนุญาต ครีเอทีฟคอมมอนส์ แบบแสดงที่มา-อนุญาตแบบเดียวกัน 3.0 ต้นฉบับ | ||
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ป้ายแสดงสถานะลิขสิทธิ์นี้ถูกเพิ่มเพื่อให้เป็นไปตามการเปลี่ยนแปลงสัญญาอนุญาตของมูลนิธิวิกิมีเดีย จาก GFDL ไปยัง GFDL ควบคู่กับ CC-BY-SA 3.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/CC-BY-SA-3.0Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0truetrue |
คุณสามารถเลือกสัญญาอนุญาตดังกล่าวตามต้องการ
Español: Tres imágenes trazadas de rayos, creadas usando POV-Ray, puestas juntas y añadidos después números y líneas negras en un paquete de software de gráficos. Abajo se encuentra el "código" para crear los diagramas de arriba, y el paisaje de abajo respectivamente:
English: Three raytraced images, created using POV-Ray (see http://www.povray.org/), put together and numbers and black lines added in a graphics software package afterwards. Below is the "code" to create the diagrams above, and the landscape below, respectively:
Tiếng Việt: Ba hình ảnh raytraced, được tạo bằng POV-Ray (xem http://www.povray.org/), được ghép lại với nhau và các số và dòng màu đen được thêm vào trong một gói phần mềm đồ họa sau đó. Dưới đây là "mã" để tạo các sơ đồ ở trên và cảnh quan bên dưới, tương ứng:
POV-Ray "code" for the diagrams showing light propagation inside the droplets:
/* ================================================= Light propagation in a spherical droplet, forming primary and secondary rainbows ------------------------------------------------- Created by Søren Peo Pedersen - see my user page at http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruger:Peo ================================================= */ #declare PrimaryRays=yes; // Use "no" for light propagation in secondary rainbow, // or "yes" for light propagation in primary rainbow. #if (PrimaryRays) // Rendition of light propagation for primary rainbow's light propagation: #local pgmSpectrum1=pigment { // Pigment for first spectrum "fan-out" radial color_map { [0.0000 color rgbt <.5,0,1,1>] [0.1429 color rgbt <.5,0,1,.5>] [0.2857 color rgbt < 0,0,1,.5>] [0.4286 color rgbt < 0,1,1,.5>] [0.5714 color rgbt < 0,1,0,.5>] [0.7143 color rgbt < 1,1,0,.5>] [0.8571 color rgbt < 1,0,0,.5>] [1.0000 color rgbt < 1,0,0,1>] } frequency 200 rotate <90,0,-13.1> translate <-3.806586,1.70909106,0> scale 1/1.67 } #local pgmSpectrum2=pigment { // Pigment for second spectrum "fan-out" radial color_map { [0.0000 color rgbt <1,1,1,1>] [0.5000 color rgbt <1,1,1,0>] [1.0000 color rgbt <1,1,1,1>] } frequency 200 rotate <90,0,-13.1> translate <-3.806586,1.70909106,0> scale 1/1.67 } union { difference { // Incoming white light beam box {<-100,.67,-.0001>,<0,.83,.0001>} sphere {0,1} pigment { gradient y color_map { [0.0 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] [0.2 color rgbt<1,1,1,.9>] [0.3 color rgbt<1,1,1,.5>] [0.5 color rgbt<1,1,1,0>] [0.7 color rgbt<1,1,1,.5>] [0.8 color rgbt<1,1,1,1,.9>] [1.0 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] } scale .16 translate <0,.67,0> } finish { ambient 1 diffuse 0 } no_shadow no_reflection rotate <0,0,-20.825> } difference { // First "rainbow-colored" beam inside droplet cylinder {<0,0,-.0001>,<0,0,.0001>,1} // Disc w. same diameter as droplet plane {<0,1,0>,0 rotate <0,0,-14.9> translate <-0.7141428,.7,0>} // Cut-off plane {<0,-1,0>,0 rotate <0,0,-13.1> translate <-0.6,.8,0>} // boundaries pigment { gradient x pigment_map { [0 pgmSpectrum2] [1 pgmSpectrum1] } scale 1.67 translate <-.7,0,0> } finish { ambient 1 diffuse 0 } rotate <0,0,-20.825> no_shadow no_reflection } merge { // Second "rainbow-colord" beam inside droplet - "crossing over" itself difference { // The portion to the left of the "cross-over" point cylinder {<0,0,.0003>,<0,0,.0002>,1} // Droplet-sized disc plane {<0,-1,0>,0 rotate <0,0,45> translate <1,.12,0>} // Cut-off plane {<0,1,0>,0 rotate <0,0,25> translate <1,-.09,0>} // boundaries } difference { // The portion to the right of the "cross-over" point cylinder {<0,0,.0003>,<0,0,.0002>,1} // Droplet-sized disc plane {<0,1,0>,0 rotate <0,0,45> translate <1,.12,0>} // Cut-off plane {<0,-1,0>,0 rotate <0,0,25> translate <1,-.09,0>} // boundaries } pigment { radial color_map { [0.0000 color rgbt <.5,0,1,1>] [0.1429 color rgbt <.5,0,1,.5>] [0.2857 color rgbt < 0,0,1,.5>] [0.4286 color rgbt < 0,1,1,.5>] [0.5714 color rgbt < 0,1,0,.5>] [0.7143 color rgbt < 1,1,0,.5>] [0.8571 color rgbt < 1,0,0,.5>] [1.0000 color rgbt < 1,0,0,1>] } frequency 18 rotate <90,0,-35> translate <.606514871,-.273485129,0> } finish { ambient 1 diffuse 0 } no_shadow no_reflection } difference { // The "rainbow-colored light" leaving the droplet at lower left corner: box {<-100,0,-.0001>,<0,10,.0001> rotate <0,0,32.825> translate <-.113,-.994,0>} plane {<0,-1,0>,0 rotate <0,0,8.825> translate <-.565,-.805,0>} cylinder {<0,0,-1>,<0,0,1>,1} // Cut away part that would fall inside droplet pigment { radial color_map { [0.0000 color rgbt < 1,0,0,1>] [0.1429 color rgbt < 1,0,0,0>] [0.2857 color rgbt < 1,1,0,0>] [0.4286 color rgbt < 0,1,0,0>] [0.5714 color rgbt < 0,1,1,0>] [0.7143 color rgbt < 0,0,1,0>] [0.8571 color rgbt <.5,0,1,0>] [1.0000 color rgbt <.5,0,1,1>] } frequency 15 rotate <-90,0,20.825> translate <0.416125,-.65268,0> } finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0} no_shadow no_reflection } } #else // Rendition of light propagation for secondary rainbow's light propagation: #local pgmSpectrum1=pigment { // Pigment for "rainbow-colored" part of first beam inside droplet radial color_map { [0.0000 color rgbt < 1,0,0,1>] [0.1429 color rgbt < 1,0,0,.5>] [0.2857 color rgbt < 1,1,0,.5>] [0.4286 color rgbt < 0,1,0,.5>] [0.5714 color rgbt < 0,1,1,.5>] [0.7143 color rgbt < 0,0,1,.5>] [0.8571 color rgbt <.5,0,1,.5>] [1.0000 color rgbt <.5,0,1,1>] } frequency 200 rotate <90,0,-.9> translate <-3.7364,-0.69606,0> scale 1/1.7 } #local pgmSpectrum2=pigment { // Pigment for white part of first "rainbow-colored" beam inside droplet radial color_map { [0.0000 color rgbt <1,1,1,1>] [0.5000 color rgbt <1,1,1,0>] [1.0000 color rgbt <1,1,1,1>] } frequency 200 rotate <90,0,-.9> translate <-3.8364,-0.69606,0> scale 1/1.7 } union { difference { // White-to "rainbow-colored" beam inside droplet cylinder {<0,0,-.0001>,<0,0,.0001>,1} plane {<0, 1,0>,0 rotate <0,0,-.9> translate <-.657,-.757,0>} plane {<0,-1,0>,0 rotate <0,0, .9> translate <-.777,-.637,0>} pigment { gradient x pigment_map { [0 pgmSpectrum2] [1 pgmSpectrum1] } scale 1.7 translate <-.8,0,0> } finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0} no_shadow no_reflection } merge { difference { // Lower part of self-crossing beam at right-ahdn side inside droplet cylinder {<0,0,.0002>,<0,0,.0003>,1} plane {< 1,0,0>,0 rotate <0,0,-6 > translate <.622,-.692,0>} plane {<-1,0,0>,0 rotate <0,0, 6 > translate <.787,-.727,0>} } difference { // Upper part of self-crossing beam at right-ahdn side inside droplet cylinder {<0,0,.0002>,<0,0,.0003>,1} plane {<-1,0,0>,0 rotate <0,0,-6 > translate <.622,-.692,0>} plane {< 1,0,0>,0 rotate <0,0, 6 > translate <.787,-.727,0>} } pigment { radial color_map { [0.0000 color rgbt < 1,0,0,1>] [0.1429 color rgbt < 1,0,0,.5>] [0.2857 color rgbt < 1,1,0,.5>] [0.4286 color rgbt < 0,1,0,.5>] [0.5714 color rgbt < 0,1,1,.5>] [0.7143 color rgbt < 0,0,1,.5>] [0.8571 color rgbt <.5,0,1,.5>] [1.0000 color rgbt <.5,0,1,1>] } frequency 30 rotate <90,0,84> translate <.702661,0.075435,0> } finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0} no_shadow no_reflection } merge { // Right-hand part of self-crossing beam at top of droplet difference { cylinder {<0,0,.0004>,<0,0,.0005>,1} plane {<0,-1,0>,0 rotate <0,0, 6 > translate <.637,.777,0>} plane {<0, 1,0>,0 rotate <0,0,-6 > translate <.772,.642,0>} } difference { // Left-hand part of self-crossing beam at top of droplet cylinder {<0,0,.0004>,<0,0,.0005>,1} plane {<0, 1,0>,0 rotate <0,0, 6 > translate <.637,.777,0>} plane {<0,-1,0>,0 rotate <0,0,-6 > translate <.772,.642,0>} } pigment { radial color_map { [0.0000 color rgbt < 1,0,0,1>] [0.1429 color rgbt < 1,0,0,.5>] [0.2857 color rgbt < 1,1,0,.5>] [0.4286 color rgbt < 0,1,0,.5>] [0.5714 color rgbt < 0,1,1,.5>] [0.7143 color rgbt < 0,0,1,.5>] [0.8571 color rgbt <.5,0,1,.5>] [1.0000 color rgbt <.5,0,1,1>] } frequency 30 rotate <90,0,-6> translate <.06228,0.716595,0> } finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0} } no_shadow no_reflection rotate <0,0,5> } difference { // "Rainbow-colored" beam leaving the droplet box {<-10,0,.0002>,<.3,10,.0003> rotate <0,0,38.325> translate <-.827,.557,0>} plane {<0,-1,0>,0 rotate <0,0,14.325> translate <-.697,.717,0>} cylinder {<0,0,-1>,<0,0,1>,1} pigment { radial color_map { [0.0000 color rgbt < 1,0,0,1>] [0.1429 color rgbt < 1,0,0,0>] [0.2857 color rgbt < 1,1,0,0>] [0.4286 color rgbt < 0,1,0,0>] [0.5714 color rgbt < 0,1,1,0>] [0.7143 color rgbt < 0,0,1,0>] [0.8571 color rgbt <.5,0,1,0>] [1.0000 color rgbt <.5,0,1,1>] } frequency 15 rotate <90,0,-21.3> translate <-0.59003,0.744316,0> } finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0} no_shadow no_reflection } difference { // Incoming white light beam box {<-100,-1,-.0001>,<0,-.87,.0001>} sphere {0,1} pigment { gradient y color_map { [0.0 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] [0.2 color rgbt<1,1,1,.9>] [0.3 color rgbt<1,1,1,.5>] [0.5 color rgbt<1,1,1,0>] [0.7 color rgbt<1,1,1,.5>] [0.8 color rgbt<1,1,1,1,.9>] [1.0 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] } scale .13 translate <0,-1,0> } finish { ambient 1 diffuse 0 } no_shadow no_reflection rotate <0,0,-20.825> } #end difference { // Droplet - actually a hemisphere for appearance reasons sphere {0,1} plane {<0,0,1>,.001} pigment {color rgbt<.7,.8,1,.7>} finish { phong 1 phong_size 80 reflection .6 metallic } } camera { // Viewpoint up <0,1,0> right <1,0,0> // Assume square-shaped image format location <-.2,0,-2.5> look_at <-.2,0,0> } light_source { // Light <-10,0,-10> color rgb 1.5 rotate <0,0,-20.825> } ---- POV-Ray "code" for the landscape with rainbows, observer and "droplet cloud": /* ================================================= "Landscape" showing the formation of two rainbows ------------------------------------------------- Created by Søren Peo Pedersen - see my user page at http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruger:Peo ================================================= */ plane { // Flat terrain in the foreground <0,1,0>,0 pigment {color rgb <.65,.7,.6>} finish {ambient .4} } plane {<0,0,-1>,0 // Invisible surface carrying the grey "cloud" pigment { cylindrical color_map { [0.0 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] [0.5 color rgbt<.7,.7,.7,0>] [1.0 color rgbt<.5,.5,.5,0>] } rotate <90,0,0> scale 7 translate <8,8,0> turbulence .3 } finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0} } sky_sphere { // Provides a sky with light blue color gradient pigment { gradient y color_map { [0 color rgb <.1,.3,.2>] [.5 color rgb <.65,.7,.6>] [.5 color rgb <.8,.9,1>] [1 color rgb <.2,.5,1>] } translate -.5 scale 2 turbulence .1 } } union { // The observer in the lower, left-hand corner sphere {0,1 scale <.2,.8,.2> pigment {color rgb <0,0,1>} finish {ambient .5}} sphere {<0,1,0>,.2 pigment {color rgb <1,.7,.4>} finish {ambient .5}} translate <-6.5,0,-4> } #macro ColorFunction(Plads) // Creates a color from the spectrum (from 0=red to 1=purple) #local U=4.9999*(Plads-int(Plads*4.9999)/4.9999); #switch (Plads) #range (0.0,0.2) color rgb < 1 , U , 0 > #break #range (0.2,0.4) color rgb <1-U, 1 , 0 > #break #range (0.4,0.6) color rgb < 0 , 1 , U > #break #range (0.6,0.8) color rgb < 0 ,1-U, 1 > #break #range (0.8,1.0) color rgb < U , 0 , 1 > #break #end #end #macro Beam(Num,Primay) // Renders a white incoming beam, and a colored "returned" beam #local R=seed(145*Num); #local Lgd=11+rand(R)*3; #if (Primay) #local Vinkel=42.3-20.825-1.7*Num; #else #local Vinkel=50.7-20.825+2.9*Num; #end merge { cylinder {0,<Lgd,0,0>,.01 pigment {ColorFunction(Num)} finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0} rotate <0,0,Vinkel> translate <-6.5,1,-4> no_shadow } cylinder { <-100,0,0>,0,.01 rotate <0,0,-20.825> translate <-6.5+Lgd*cos(radians(Vinkel)),1+Lgd*sin(radians(Vinkel)),-4>} pigment {color rgb 1} finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0} } #end // Light beams forming the primary rainbow: #object {Beam(0.00,yes)} #object {Beam(0.25,yes)} #object {Beam(0.50,yes)} #object {Beam(0.75,yes)} #object {Beam(1.00,yes)} // Light beams forming the secondary rainbow: #object {Beam(0.00,no)} #object {Beam(0.25,no)} #object {Beam(0.50,no)} #object {Beam(0.75,no)} #object {Beam(1.00,no)} // Totally transparent pigment set of primary and secondary arc #local ArcPgmt0=pigment { cylindrical color_map { [0.0 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] [0.00001 color rgbt<1,0,1,1>] [0.022 color rgbt<0,0,1,1>] [0.044 color rgbt<0,1,1,1>] [0.066 color rgbt<0,1,0,1>] [0.088 color rgbt<1,1,0,1>] [0.11 color rgbt<1,0,0,1>] [0.11 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] [0.39 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] [0.39 color rgbt<1,0,0,1>] [0.40 color rgbt<1,1,0,1>] [0.41 color rgbt<0,1,0,1>] [0.42 color rgbt<0,1,1,1>] [0.43 color rgbt<0,0,1,1>] [0.44 color rgbt<1,0,1,1>] [0.44 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] [1.0 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] } } // Slightly non-transparent pigment set of primary and secondary arc #local ArcPgmt1=pigment { cylindrical color_map { [0.0 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] [0.00001 color rgbt<1,0,1,.7>] [0.022 color rgbt<0,0,1,.7>] [0.044 color rgbt<0,1,1,.7>] [0.066 color rgbt<0,1,0,.7>] [0.088 color rgbt<1,1,0,.7>] [0.11 color rgbt<1,0,0,0>] [0.11 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] [0.39 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] [0.39 color rgbt<1,0,0,.2>] [0.40 color rgbt<1,1,0,.2>] [0.41 color rgbt<0,1,0,.2>] [0.42 color rgbt<0,1,1,.2>] [0.43 color rgbt<0,0,1,.2>] [0.44 color rgbt<1,0,1,.2>] [0.44 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] [1.0 color rgbt<1,1,1,1>] } } // Surface carrying the two rainbows in front of the grey "cloud" plane {<-1,0,0>,0 pigment { radial pigment_map { [0.0 ArcPgmt1] [0.2 ArcPgmt0] [0.8 ArcPgmt0] [1.0 ArcPgmt1] } rotate <0,0,90> scale <4.18495,4.18495,7> translate <0,1,-4> } finish {ambient 1 diffuse 0} hollow no_shadow } // Viewpoint camera { location <-5,5,-15> look_at <1,4,0> } // "Infinitely" remote light source with parallel rays: light_source { <-1000,0,0> color rgb 1.5 rotate <0,0,-20.825> parallel }
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คลิกวันที่/เวลาเพื่อดูไฟล์ที่ปรากฏในขณะนั้น
วันที่/เวลา | รูปย่อ | ขนาด | ผู้ใช้ | ความเห็น | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ปัจจุบัน | 19:56, 9 เมษายน 2548 | 721 × 902 (280 กิโลไบต์) | Peo~commonswiki | Diagram showing how primary and secondary rainbows are formed. Details follow soon! {{GFDL-self}} |
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วิกิอื่นต่อไปนี้ใช้ไฟล์นี้:
- ਵਿੱਦਿਅਕ ਮੀਡੀਆ ਜਾਗਰੂਕਤਾ ਅਭਿਆਨ/ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ/POTD 9
- Educational Media Awareness Campaign/Physics/POTD 9
- Photographie/Thèmes/L'arc-en-ciel
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มกราคม 07, 2023