Jackson, P. (2002). Review: The History of the Seljuq Turks: The History of the Seljuq Turks.Journal of Islamic Studies 2002 13(1):75–76; doi:10.1093/jis/13.1.75.Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies.
Bosworth, C. E. (2001). Notes on Some Turkish Names in Abu 'l-Fadl Bayhaqi's Tarikh-i Mas'udi. Oriens, Vol. 36, 2001 (2001), pp. 299–313.
Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd).
Hancock, I. (2006). ON ROMANI ORIGINS AND IDENTITY. The Romani Archives and Documentation Center. The University of Texas at Austin.
Asimov, M. S., Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). (1998). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting. Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
Josef W. Meri, "Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, 2005, p. 399
Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World", Council on Foreign Relations (May 1994), p. 79
Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: "Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks."
Ram Rahul. "March of Central Asia", Indus Publishing, page 124.
C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish expansion towards the west", in UNESCO HISTORY OF HUMANITY, Volume IV.
Mehmed Fuad Koprulu, "Early Mystics in Turkish Literature", Translated by Gary Leiser and Robert Dankoff, Routledge, 2006, pg 149.
O.Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK)
Ram Rahul. "March of Central Asia", Indus Publishing, pg 124:"The Seljuk conquest of Persia marked the triumph of the Sunni over Shii but without a decline in Persian culture. The Seljuks eventually adopted the Persian culture.
Clifford Edmund Bosworth, "Turkish expansion towards the west", in UNESCO HISTORY OF HUMANITY, Volume IV: From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century, UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the thirteenth century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā' al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whose Mathnawī, composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature."
Mehmed Fuad Koprulu, "Early Mystics in Turkish Literature", Translated by Gary Leiser and Robert Dankoff, Routledge, 2006, pg 149: "If we wish to sketch, in broad outline, the civilization created by the Seljuks of Anatolia, we must recognize that the local, i.e. non-Muslim, element was fairly insignificant compared to the Turkish and Arab-Persian elements, and that the Persian element was paramount/The Seljuk rulers, to be sure, who were in contact with not only Muslim Persian civilization, but also with the Arab civilizations in al-jazīra and Syria – indeed, with all Muslim peoples as far as India – also had connections with {various} Byzantine courts. Some of these rulers, like the great 'Ala' al-Dīn Kai-Qubād I himself, who married Byzantine princesses and thus strengthened relations with their neighbors to the west, lived for many years in Byzantium and became very familiar with the customs and ceremonial at the Byzantine court. Still, this close contact with the ancient Greco-Roman and Christian traditions only resulted in their adoption of a policy of tolerance toward art, aesthetic life, painting, music, independent thought – in short, toward those things that were frowned upon by the narrow and piously ascetic views {of their subjects}. The contact of the common people with the Greeks and Armenians had basically the same result. {Before coming to Anatolia}, the Turks had been in contact with many nations and had long shown their ability to synthesize the artistic elements that they had adopted from these nations. When they settled in Anatolia, they encountered peoples with whom they had not yet been in contact and immediately established relations with them as well. 'Ala' al-Dīn Kai-Qubād I established ties with the Genoese and, especially, the Venetians at the ports of Sinop and Antalya, which belonged to him, and granted them commercial and legal concessions. Meanwhile, the Mongol invasion, which caused a great number of scholars and artisans to flee from Turkistan, Iran, and Khwārazm and settle within the Empire of the Seljuks of Anatolia, resulted in a reinforcing of Persian influence on the Anatolian Turks. Indeed, despite all claims to the contrary, there is no question that Persian influence was paramount among the Seljuks of Anatolia. This is clearly revealed by the fact that the sultans who ascended the throne after Ghiyāth al-Dīn Kai-Khusraw I assumed titles taken from ancient Persian mythology, like Kai-Khusraw, Kai-Kā'ūs, and Kai-Qubād; and that 'Ala' al-Dīn Kai-Qubād I had some passages from the Shāhnāme inscribed on the walls of Konya and Sivas. When we take into consideration domestic life in the Konya courts and the sincerity of the favor and attachment of the rulers to Persian poets and Persian literature, then this fact {i.e. the importance of Persian influence} is undeniable. With regard to the private lives of the rulers, their amusements, and palace ceremonial, the most definite influence was also that of Iran, mixed with the early Turkish traditions, and not that of Byzantium."
↑ O.Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK)
↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum,"Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign Relations, pg 79. Exact statement: "In Short, the Turko-Persian tradition featured Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers."
M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25–6 (2005), pp. 157–69
อ่านเพิ่มเติม
Grousset, Rene (1988). The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. 147. ISBN0813506271.
Peacock, A.C.S., Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation; New York, NY; Routledge; 2010
Previté-Orton, C. W. (1971). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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emuxepxrechiykhyaytwekhamaeslcukhkrbwthnthrrm 4 5 6 aelaphasaekhamaepnkhxngtnexng 7 8 aelamibthbathsakhyinkarwiwthnakarkhxngwthnthrrmethxrokh epxrechiy in wthnthrrmepxrechiythirbodypramukhkhxngethxrkikh 9 inpccubneslcukhepnthiruckknwaepnphuxupthmphxnyingihykhxngwthnthrrm silpa wrrnkhdi aela phasaepxrechiy 7 8 10 aelabangthankthuxknwaepnbrrphburusphunathangwthnthrrmkhxngetxrktawntk phuthiinpccubntngthinthanxyuinxaesxribcan turki aela etirkemnisthan txngkarxangxing ckrwrrdieslcukh in kh s 1092 emuxmalikh chahthi 1esiychiwit enuxha 1 rayphranamphupkkhrxngeslcukh 2 duephim 3 xangxing 4 xanephimetimrayphranamphupkkhrxngeslcukh aekikhswnnirxephimetimkhxmul khunsamarthchwyephimkhxmulswnniidduephim aekikhtawnxxkklang sngkhramkhruesdxangxing aekikh Seljuq Turks in various scholastic sources Jackson P 2002 Review The History of the Seljuq Turks The History of the Seljuq Turks Journal of Islamic Studies 2002 13 1 75 76 doi 10 1093 jis 13 1 75 Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies Bosworth C E 2001 Notes on Some Turkish Names in Abu l Fadl Bayhaqi s Tarikh i Mas udi Oriens Vol 36 2001 2001 pp 299 313 Dani A H Masson V M Eds Asimova M S Eds Litvinsky B A Eds Boaworth C E Eds 1999 History of Civilizations of Central Asia Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd Hancock I 2006 ON ROMANI ORIGINS AND IDENTITY The Romani Archives and Documentation Center The University of Texas at Austin Asimov M S Bosworth C E eds 1998 History of Civilizations of Central Asia Vol IV The Age of Achievement AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century Part One The Historical Social and Economic Setting Multiple History Series Paris UNESCO Publishing Josef W Meri Medieval Islamic Civilization An Encyclopedia Routledge 2005 p 399 Michael Mandelbaum Central Asia and the World Council on Foreign Relations May 1994 p 79 Jonathan Dewald Europe 1450 to 1789 Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World Charles Scribner s Sons 2004 p 24 Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks Ram Rahul March of Central Asia Indus Publishing page 124 C E Bosworth Turkish expansion towards the west in UNESCO HISTORY OF HUMANITY Volume IV Mehmed Fuad Koprulu Early Mystics in Turkish Literature Translated by Gary Leiser and Robert Dankoff Routledge 2006 pg 149 O Ozgundenli Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition LINK Encyclopaedia Britannica Seljuq Online Edition LINK Ram Rahul March of Central Asia Indus Publishing pg 124 The Seljuk conquest of Persia marked the triumph of the Sunni over Shii but without a decline in Persian culture The Seljuks eventually adopted the Persian culture Clifford Edmund Bosworth Turkish expansion towards the west in UNESCO HISTORY OF HUMANITY Volume IV From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century UNESCO Publishing Routledge p 391 While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law theology and science the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers Qubad Kay Khusraw and so on and in the use of Persian as a literary language Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time The process of Persianization accelerated in the thirteenth century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols Baha al Din Walad and his son Mawlana Jalal al Din Rumi whose Mathnawi composed in Konya constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature Mehmed Fuad Koprulu Early Mystics in Turkish Literature Translated by Gary Leiser and Robert Dankoff Routledge 2006 pg 149 If we wish to sketch in broad outline the civilization created by the Seljuks of Anatolia we must recognize that the local i e non Muslim element was fairly insignificant compared to the Turkish and Arab Persian elements and that the Persian element was paramount The Seljuk rulers to be sure who were in contact with not only Muslim Persian civilization but also with the Arab civilizations in al jazira and Syria indeed with all Muslim peoples as far as India also had connections with various Byzantine courts Some of these rulers like the great Ala al Din Kai Qubad I himself who married Byzantine princesses and thus strengthened relations with their neighbors to the west lived for many years in Byzantium and became very familiar with the customs and ceremonial at the Byzantine court Still this close contact with the ancient Greco Roman and Christian traditions only resulted in their adoption of a policy of tolerance toward art aesthetic life painting music independent thought in short toward those things that were frowned upon by the narrow and piously ascetic views of their subjects The contact of the common people with the Greeks and Armenians had basically the same result Before coming to Anatolia the Turks had been in contact with many nations and had long shown their ability to synthesize the artistic elements that they had adopted from these nations When they settled in Anatolia they encountered peoples with whom they had not yet been in contact and immediately established relations with them as well Ala al Din Kai Qubad I established ties with the Genoese and especially the Venetians at the ports of Sinop and Antalya which belonged to him and granted them commercial and legal concessions Meanwhile the Mongol invasion which caused a great number of scholars and artisans to flee from Turkistan Iran and Khwarazm and settle within the Empire of the Seljuks of Anatolia resulted in a reinforcing of Persian influence on the Anatolian Turks Indeed despite all claims to the contrary there is no question that Persian influence was paramount among the Seljuks of Anatolia This is clearly revealed by the fact that the sultans who ascended the throne after Ghiyath al Din Kai Khusraw I assumed titles taken from ancient Persian mythology like Kai Khusraw Kai Ka us and Kai Qubad and that Ala al Din Kai Qubad I had some passages from the Shahname inscribed on the walls of Konya and Sivas When we take into consideration domestic life in the Konya courts and the sincerity of the favor and attachment of the rulers to Persian poets and Persian literature then this fact i e the importance of Persian influence is undeniable With regard to the private lives of the rulers their amusements and palace ceremonial the most definite influence was also that of Iran mixed with the early Turkish traditions and not that of Byzantium 7 0 7 1 O Ozgundenli Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition LINK 8 0 8 1 Encyclopaedia Britannica Seljuq Online Edition LINK Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship Daniel Pipes The Event of Our Era Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East in Michael Mandelbaum Central Asia and the World Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan Turkemenistan and the World Council on Foreign Relations pg 79 Exact statement In Short the Turko Persian tradition featured Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers M Ravandi The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities in Mesogeios Mediterranean Studies vol 25 6 2005 pp 157 69xanephimetim aekikhGrousset Rene 1988 The Empire of the Steppes a History of Central Asia New Brunswick Rutgers University Press p 147 ISBN 0813506271 Peacock A C S Early Seljuq History A New Interpretation New York NY Routledge 2010 Previte Orton C W 1971 The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History Cambridge Cambridge University Press bthkhwamekiywkbprawtisastrniyngepnokhrng 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