Oliver Gassmann, Gerrit Reepmeyer, Maximilian von Zedtwitz, Leading Pharmaceutical Innovation, Trends and Drivers for Growth in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Springer, 2008, ISBN 3-540-77635-4, ISBN 978-3-540-77635-2, pages 133-134.
Scherer FM., The economics of human gene patents, Acad Med. 2002 Dec;77 (12 Pt 2) :1348-67 : "
For one, in pharmaceuticals, as in organic and agricultural chemicals, patent claims tend to define products especially precisely. ...
Second, once a particular molecule is identified as a potentially effective therapeutic medium, it must be carried through expensive clinical trials to prove its safety and efficacy. ...
Third, absent patent protection or regulatory barriers to imitation, imitators might spend a very few million dollars on product formulation, process development, and clinical trials (typically on 24 human subjects) required to prove therapeutic equivalence and bring their generic substitutes onto the market in competition with the company that has incurred huge discovery and clinical testing costs. ...
It is for these three reasons together that patents are accorded such high importance by pharmaceutical manufacturers."
"... patents are key in the pharmaceutical sector, as they allow companies to recoup their often very considerable investments and to be rewarded for their innovative efforts" in European Commission, Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry, Preliminary Report (DG Competition Staff Working Paper), 28 November 2008, page 5 (pdf, 1.95 MB).
ทธ, ตรยา, งกฤษ, drug, patent, หร, chemical, patent, เป, นการค, มครองโดยกฎหมายให, แก, ประด, ษฐ, หร, อค, ดค, นทางด, านเวชภ, ณฑ, หร, เคม, ณฑ, งน, หมายรวมถ, ตรใหม, วนผสมใหม, การใช, ใหม, เน, องจากยาหร, อผล, ตภ, ณฑ, ทางเคม, สามารถลอกเล, ยนแบบได, ายโดยการว, เคราะห, ท. siththibtrya xngkvs drug patent hrux chemical patent epnkarkhumkhrxngodykdhmayihaek phupradisthhruxkhidkhnthangdanewchphnth hrux ekhmiphnth thngnihmayrwmthung sutrihm swnphsmihm withikarichihm enuxngcakyahruxphlitphnththangekhmisamarthlxkeliynaebbidngayodykarwiekhraahthangekhmi 1 2 3 4 5 6 twxyangokhrngsrangkhxngmarkhuchkdhmaykhxngithy aekikhinpraethsithymikdhmayekiywkbsiththibtryakhuxphrarachbyytisiththibtr ph s 2522 erimichbngkhbinpi ph s 2522 ihkhwamkhumkhrxngechphaakrabwnkarphlit aetimihkarkhumkhrxngyahruxsingphsmkhxngyaiwpi ph s 2535 idmikaraekkdhmaysiththibtrkhxngithyenuxngcakkarkddnkhxngshrthxemrikathitxngkarihithykhumkhrxngthrphysinthangpyhaxyangekhmngwd odyechphaaewchphnth karkddnmihlaychxngthang echn karkhutdsiththiphiessthangkarkha hrux GSP cnkrathngrthbalithyinkhnanntxngaekkdhmaysiththibtrihkhwamkhumkhrxngipthungphlitphnthya khyayxayusiththibtrxxkipcak 15 pi epn 20 pi sungnbepnkarkhumkhrxngekhmngwdaebblahnakdxngkhkarkarkhaolkxxkipkwa 10 pi kxncamiphlichbngkhbtamkhxtklngkhxngxngkhkarkhaolkkarichsiththiehnuxsiththibtr aekikhenuxngcakkarthuxkhrxngsiththibtrya thaihphuthuxsiththieriykrxngkhatxbaethnsungcnthaihphupwyinbangklumimsamarthekhathungyaid thangxngkhkarkarkhaolk WTO cungidthakhxtklngihkarykewniwinkrnicaepntamkhxtklnginptiyyaodha Doha Declaration khxngthiprachumxngkhkarkhaolkmiickhwamekiywkbkarichsiththiehnuxsiththibtryawa khxtklngeruxngthrphysinthangpyyakhxngxngkhkarkarkhaolkimhamaelaimkhwrkidknsmachikinkarnamatrkarmaichpxngknkhwamecbikhidpwykhxngprachachn smachiksamarthaelakhwrtikhwamaelanaipptibtiephuxpkpxngsukhphaphkhxngkhnswnihykhxngpraeths odyechphaaephuxsnbsnunihthukkhnekhathungyaidxyangsmburn smachikkhxngxngkhkarkhaolkmisiththiprakasichsiththiehnuxsiththibtr compulsory licenses aelamiesriphaphinkarphicarnathungkhwamcaepninkarprakasichsiththini aelaimthuxwaepnkarlaemidkhxtklngeruxngkarptibtiehmuxnkhninchati national treatment aelaeruxngkarptibtitxthukchatiesmxkn most favoured nation MFN phlkhxngkhxtklngdngklawthaihchatismachikxngkhkarkarkhaolksamarthphlithruxichyaephuxpraoychnihaekprachachnkhxngtnexng hlaypraethsiddaenintamkhxtklngni echn aexfrikait aesmebiy simbbew kana maelesiy xinodniesiy swasiaelnd shrthxemrika swninpraethsithyidprakasichmatrkardngklawinsmyrthbalkhxngphlexk suryuthth culannth khrngnnrthbalithyprakasichkbyarksaorkhmaerngaelaorkhexds mainsmyrthbalkhxngnaysmkhr sunthrewch idthakarykelikkarbngkhbichsiththiehnuxsiththibtrintwyarksamaerng 7 8 xangxing aekikh Drug Patent karbngkhbichsiththibtrya ph r b siththibtrya khuxxair Oliver Gassmann Gerrit Reepmeyer Maximilian von Zedtwitz Leading Pharmaceutical Innovation Trends and Drivers for Growth in the Pharmaceutical Industry Springer 2008 ISBN 3 540 77635 4 ISBN 978 3 540 77635 2 pages 133 134 Scherer FM The economics of human gene patents Acad Med 2002 Dec 77 12 Pt 2 1348 67 For one in pharmaceuticals as in organic and agricultural chemicals patent claims tend to define products especially precisely Second once a particular molecule is identified as a potentially effective therapeutic medium it must be carried through expensive clinical trials to prove its safety and efficacy Third absent patent protection or regulatory barriers to imitation imitators might spend a very few million dollars on product formulation process development and clinical trials typically on 24 human subjects required to prove therapeutic equivalence and bring their generic substitutes onto the market in competition with the company that has incurred huge discovery and clinical testing costs It is for these three reasons together that patents are accorded such high importance by pharmaceutical manufacturers patents are key in the pharmaceutical sector as they allow companies to recoup their often very considerable investments and to be rewarded for their innovative efforts in European Commission Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Preliminary Report DG Competition Staff Working Paper 28 November 2008 page 5 pdf 1 95 MB khwamchxbthrrminkarichsiththiehnuxsiththibtr kml kmltrakul karichsiththi CL txipephuxkhnithyekhathungyars dr withya kulsmburnekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title siththibtrya amp oldid 9552129, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,
