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สุภาษ จันทระ โพส

กันยายน 11, 2021

สุภาษ จันทร โพส (Subhas Chandra Bose; 23 มกราคม 1897 – 18 สิงหาคม 1945) เป็นนักชาตินิยมอินเดีย, วีรบุรุษของอินเดีย ผู้ซึ่งระหว่างสงครามโลกครั้งที่สองได้พยายามจะปลดแอกอินเดียจากบริติชราชภายใต้ความช่วยเหลือของนาซีเยอรมนีและจักรวรรดิญี่ปุ่น ต่อมาได้กลายเป็นประเด็นที่เป็นปัญหาของชีวิตเขา คำเชิดชูเกียรติ เนตาจี (Netaji; ฮินดูสถาน: "ท่านผู้นำ") ได้ถูกนำมาใช้กับเขาในปี 1942 โดยทหารอินเดียในอินดิสช์ เยอรมนี และในเบอร์ลิน ก่อนที่จะถูกนำมาใช้แพร่หลายในการเรียกเขา

สุภาษ จันทระ โบส
ผู้นำกองทัพแห่งชาติอินเดีย
ดำรงตำแหน่ง
4 กรกฎาคม 1943 – 18 สิงหาคม 1945
ก่อนหน้า โมหัน สิงห์
ถัดไป ยกเลิกตำแหน่ง
ประธานคองเกรสแห่งชาติอินเดีย
ดำรงตำแหน่ง
18 มกราคม 1938 – 29 เมษายน 1939
ก่อนหน้า ชวาหรลาล เนห์รู
ถัดไป ราเชนทระ ปรสัท
ดำรงตำแหน่ง
22 มิถุนายน 1939 – 16 มกราคม 1941
ก่อนหน้า ประเดิมตำแหน่ง
คนที่ 5 นายกเทศมนตรีกัลกัตตา
ดำรงตำแหน่ง
22 สิงหาคม 1930 – 15 เมษายน 1931
ก่อนหน้า ชตินทรเ โมหัน เสนคุปตะ
ถัดไป พิธีน จันทระ โรย
ข้อมูลส่วนบุคคล
เกิด สุภาษ จันทระ โบส
23 มกราคม ค.ศ. 1897(1897-01-23)
กัตตัก, รัฐเบงกอล, บริติชอินเดีย (ปัจจุบันอยู่ในโอริศา, ประเทศอินเดีย)
เสียชีวิต 18 สิงหาคม ค.ศ. 1945 (48 ปี)
โรงพยาบาลกองทัพแขนงนัมมง, ไทโฮะกุ, ไต้หวันภายใต้การปกครองของญี่ปุ่น (ปัจจุบันคือโรงพยาบาลนครไทเป สาขาเหอผิงฝูโย่ว, ไทเป, ประเทศไต้หวัน)
พลเมือง บริติชราช
บิดา ชนกีนาถ โพส
มารดา ประภาวตี โพส
คู่สมรส เอมิลี เชนเกิล
บุตร อนิตา โพส ปฟัฟฟ์
ศิษย์เก่า
ลายมือชื่อ

หมายเหตุ

  1. "the Provisional Government of Azad Hind (or Free India Provisional Government, FIPG) was announced on 21 October. It was based at Singapore and consisted, in the first instance, of five ministers, eight representatives of the INA, and eight civilian advisers representing the Indians of Southeast and East Asia. Bose was head of state, prime minister and minister for war and foreign affairs.
  2. "Hideki Tojo turned over all Japan's Indian POWs to Bose's command, and in October 1943 Bose announced the creation of a Provisional Government of Free India, of which he became head of state, prime minister, minister of war, and minister of foreign affairs."
  3. "Bose was especially keen to have some Indian territory over which the provisional government might claim sovereignty. Since the Japanese had stopped east of the Chindwin River in Burma and not entered India on that front, the only Indian territories they held were the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. The Japanese navy was unwilling to transfer administration of these strategic islands to Bose’s forces, but a face-saving agreement was worked out so that the provisional government was given a ‘jurisdiction’, while actual control remained throughout with the Japanese military. Bose eventually made a visit to Port Blair in the Andamans in December and a ceremonial transfer took place. Renaming them the Shahid (Martyr) and Swaraj (Self-rule) Islands, Bose raised the Indian national flag and appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Loganadhan, a medical officer, as chief commissioner. Bose continued to lobby for complete transfer, but did not succeed."
  4. His formal title after 21 October 1943 was: Head of State, Prime Minister, Minister of War, and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Provisional Government of Free India, which was based in Japanese-occupied Singapore. with jurisdiction, but without sovereignty of Japanese-occupied Andaman Islands.
  5. "If all else failed (Bose) wanted to become a prisoner of the Soviets: 'They are the only ones who will resist the British. My fate is with them. But as the Japanese plane took off from Taipei airport its engines faltered and then failed. Bose was badly burned in the crash. According to several witnesses, he died on 18 August in a Japanese military hospital, talking to the very last of India's freedom. British and Indian commissions later established convincingly that Bose had died in Taiwan. These were legendary and apocalyptic times, however. Having witnessed the first Indian leader to fight against the British since the great mutiny of 1857, many in both Southeast Asia and India refused to accept the loss of their hero. Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945.
  6. "His romantic saga, coupled with his defiant nationalism, has made Bose a near-mythic figure, not only in his native Bengal, but across India."
  7. "Bose's heroic endeavor still fires the imagination of many of his countrymen. But like a meteor which enters the earth's atmosphere, he burned brightly on the horizon for a brief moment only."
  8. "Subhas Bose might have been a renegade leader who had challenged the authority of the Congress leadership and their principles. But in death he was a martyred patriot whose memory could be an ideal tool for political mobilization."
  9. "The most troubling aspect of Bose's presence in Nazi Germany is not military or political but rather ethical. His alliance with the most genocidal regime in history poses serious dilemmas precisely because of his popularity and his having made a lifelong career of fighting the 'good cause'. How did a man who started his political career at the feet of Gandhi end up with Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo? Even in the case of Mussolini and Tojo, the gravity of the dilemma pales in comparison to that posed by his association with Hitler and the Nazi leadership. The most disturbing issue, all too often ignored, is that in the many articles, minutes, memorandums, telegrams, letters, plans, and broadcasts Bose left behind in Germany, he did not express the slightest concern or sympathy for the millions who died in the concentration camps. Not one of his Berlin wartime associates or colleagues ever quotes him expressing any indignation. Not even when the horrors of Auschwitz and its satellite camps were exposed to the world upon being liberated by Soviet troops in early 1945, revealing publicly for the first time the genocidal nature of the Nazi regime, did Bose react."
  10. "To many (Congress leaders), Bose's programme resembled that of the Japanese fascists, who were in the process of losing their gamble to achieve Asian ascendancy through war. Nevertheless, the success of his soldiers in Burma had stirred as much patriotic sentiment among Indians as the sacrifices of imprisoned Congress leaders.
  11. "Marginalized within Congress and a target for British surveillance, Bose chose to embrace the fascist powers as allies against the British and fled India, first to Hitler's Germany, then, on a German submarine, to a Japanese-occupied Singapore. The force that he put together ... known as the Indian National Army (INA) and thus claiming to represent free India, saw action against the British in Burma but accomplished little toward the goal of a march on Delhi. ... Bose himself died in an aeroplane crash trying to reach Japanese-occupied territory in the last months of the war. ... It is this heroic, martial myth that is today remembered, rather than Bose's wartime vision of a free India under the authoritarian rule of someone like himself."
  12. "Another small, but immediate, issue for the civilians in Berlin and the soldiers in training was how to address Subhas Bose. Vyas has given his view of how the term was adopted: 'one of our [soldier] boys came forward with "Hamare Neta". We improved upon it: "Netaji"... It must be mentioned, that Subhas Bose strongly disapproved of it. He began to yield only when he saw our military group ... firmly went on calling him "Netaji"'. (Alexander) Werth also mentioned adoption of 'Netaji' and observed accurately, that it '... combined a sense both of affection and honour ...' It was not meant to echo 'Fuehrer' or 'Duce', but to give Subhas Bose a special Indian form of reverence and this term has been universally adopted by Indians everywhere in speaking about him."

อ้างอิง

  1. Gordon 1990, p. 502.
  2. Wolpert 2000, p. 339.
  3. Gordon 1990, pp. 502–503.
  4. Gordon 1990, pp. 344–345.
  5. Hayes 2011, p. 15.
  6. The_Open_University.
  7. ↑ Bayly & Harper 2007, p. 2.
  8. ↑ Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 210.
  9. ↑ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 311.
  10. ↑ Bandyopādhyāẏa 2004, p. 427.
  11. ↑ Hayes 2011, p. 165.
  12. ↑ Stein 2010, pp. 345.
  13. ↑ Gordon 1990, pp. 459–460.

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  บทความเกี่ยวกับชีวประวัตินี้ยังเป็นโครง คุณสามารถช่วยวิกิพีเดียได้โดยเพิ่มข้อมูล

กันยายน 11, 2021
ภาษ, นทระ, โพส, ภาษ, นทร, โพส, subhas, chandra, bose, มกราคม, 1897, งหาคม, 1945, เป, นน, กชาต, ยมอ, นเด, รบ, ษของอ, นเด, งระหว, างสงครามโลกคร, งท, สองได, พยายามจะปลดแอกอ, นเด, ยจากบร, ชราชภายใต, ความช, วยเหล, อของนาซ, เยอรมน, และจ, กรวรรด, อมาได, กลายเป, นประเ. suphas cnthr ophs Subhas Chandra Bose 23 mkrakhm 1897 18 singhakhm 1945 7 e epnnkchatiniymxinediy wirburuskhxngxinediy 8 f 9 g 10 h phusungrahwangsngkhramolkkhrngthisxngidphyayamcapldaexkxinediycakbritichrachphayitkhwamchwyehluxkhxngnasieyxrmniaelackrwrrdiyipun txmaidklayepnpraednthiepnpyhakhxngchiwitekha 11 i 12 j 8 k khaechidchuekiyrti entaci Netaji hindusthan thanphuna idthuknamaichkbekhainpi 1942 odythharxinediyinxindisch eyxrmni aelainebxrlin kxnthicathuknamaichaephrhlayinkareriykekha 13 l suphas cnthra obsphunakxngthphaehngchatixinediy d darngtaaehnng 4 krkdakhm 1943 18 singhakhm 1945kxnhna omhn singhthdip ykeliktaaehnngprathankhxngekrsaehngchatixinediydarngtaaehnng 18 mkrakhm 1938 29 emsayn 1939kxnhna chwahrlal enhruthdip raechnthra prsthphrrkhkhxngekrsxinediyprathanfxrwxrdblxkdarngtaaehnng 22 mithunayn 1939 16 mkrakhm 1941kxnhna praedimtaaehnngkhnthi 5 naykethsmntriklkttadarngtaaehnng 22 singhakhm 1930 15 emsayn 1931kxnhna chtinthre omhn esnkhuptathdip phithin cnthra orykhxmulswnbukhkhlekid suphas cnthra obs 23 mkrakhm kh s 1897 1897 01 23 kttk rthebngkxl britichxinediy pccubnxyuinoxrisa praethsxinediy esiychiwit 18 singhakhm kh s 1945 48 pi orngphyabalkxngthphaekhnngnmmng ithohaku ithwnphayitkarpkkhrxngkhxngyipun pccubnkhuxorngphyabalnkhrithep sakhaehxphingfuoyw ithep praethsithwn phlemuxng britichrachbida chnkinath ophsmarda praphawti ophskhusmrs exmili echnekil 4 5 butr xnita ophs pfffsisyeka mhawithyalyklktta B A prchya 1919 mhawithyalyekhmbridc B A citwithya aela criysastr 1921 6 laymuxchuxhmayehtu aekikh the Provisional Government of Azad Hind or Free India Provisional Government FIPG was announced on 21 October It was based at Singapore and consisted in the first instance of five ministers eight representatives of the INA and eight civilian advisers representing the Indians of Southeast and East Asia Bose was head of state prime minister and minister for war and foreign affairs 1 Hideki Tojo turned over all Japan s Indian POWs to Bose s command and in October 1943 Bose announced the creation of a Provisional Government of Free India of which he became head of state prime minister minister of war and minister of foreign affairs 2 Bose was especially keen to have some Indian territory over which the provisional government might claim sovereignty Since the Japanese had stopped east of the Chindwin River in Burma and not entered India on that front the only Indian territories they held were the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean The Japanese navy was unwilling to transfer administration of these strategic islands to Bose s forces but a face saving agreement was worked out so that the provisional government was given a jurisdiction while actual control remained throughout with the Japanese military Bose eventually made a visit to Port Blair in the Andamans in December and a ceremonial transfer took place Renaming them the Shahid Martyr and Swaraj Self rule Islands Bose raised the Indian national flag and appointed Lieutenant Colonel Loganadhan a medical officer as chief commissioner Bose continued to lobby for complete transfer but did not succeed 3 His formal title after 21 October 1943 was Head of State Prime Minister Minister of War and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Provisional Government of Free India which was based in Japanese occupied Singapore a b with jurisdiction but without sovereignty of Japanese occupied Andaman Islands c If all else failed Bose wanted to become a prisoner of the Soviets They are the only ones who will resist the British My fate is with them But as the Japanese plane took off from Taipei airport its engines faltered and then failed Bose was badly burned in the crash According to several witnesses he died on 18 August in a Japanese military hospital talking to the very last of India s freedom British and Indian commissions later established convincingly that Bose had died in Taiwan These were legendary and apocalyptic times however Having witnessed the first Indian leader to fight against the British since the great mutiny of 1857 many in both Southeast Asia and India refused to accept the loss of their hero Rumours that Bose had survived and was waiting to come out of hiding and begin the final struggle for independence were rampant by the end of 1945 7 His romantic saga coupled with his defiant nationalism has made Bose a near mythic figure not only in his native Bengal but across India 8 Bose s heroic endeavor still fires the imagination of many of his countrymen But like a meteor which enters the earth s atmosphere he burned brightly on the horizon for a brief moment only 9 Subhas Bose might have been a renegade leader who had challenged the authority of the Congress leadership and their principles But in death he was a martyred patriot whose memory could be an ideal tool for political mobilization 10 The most troubling aspect of Bose s presence in Nazi Germany is not military or political but rather ethical His alliance with the most genocidal regime in history poses serious dilemmas precisely because of his popularity and his having made a lifelong career of fighting the good cause How did a man who started his political career at the feet of Gandhi end up with Hitler Mussolini and Tojo Even in the case of Mussolini and Tojo the gravity of the dilemma pales in comparison to that posed by his association with Hitler and the Nazi leadership The most disturbing issue all too often ignored is that in the many articles minutes memorandums telegrams letters plans and broadcasts Bose left behind in Germany he did not express the slightest concern or sympathy for the millions who died in the concentration camps Not one of his Berlin wartime associates or colleagues ever quotes him expressing any indignation Not even when the horrors of Auschwitz and its satellite camps were exposed to the world upon being liberated by Soviet troops in early 1945 revealing publicly for the first time the genocidal nature of the Nazi regime did Bose react 11 To many Congress leaders Bose s programme resembled that of the Japanese fascists who were in the process of losing their gamble to achieve Asian ascendancy through war Nevertheless the success of his soldiers in Burma had stirred as much patriotic sentiment among Indians as the sacrifices of imprisoned Congress leaders 12 Marginalized within Congress and a target for British surveillance Bose chose to embrace the fascist powers as allies against the British and fled India first to Hitler s Germany then on a German submarine to a Japanese occupied Singapore The force that he put together known as the Indian National Army INA and thus claiming to represent free India saw action against the British in Burma but accomplished little toward the goal of a march on Delhi Bose himself died in an aeroplane crash trying to reach Japanese occupied territory in the last months of the war It is this heroic martial myth that is today remembered rather than Bose s wartime vision of a free India under the authoritarian rule of someone like himself 8 Another small but immediate issue for the civilians in Berlin and the soldiers in training was how to address Subhas Bose Vyas has given his view of how the term was adopted one of our soldier boys came forward with Hamare Neta We improved upon it Netaji It must be mentioned that Subhas Bose strongly disapproved of it He began to yield only when he saw our military group firmly went on calling him Netaji Alexander Werth also mentioned adoption of Netaji and observed accurately that it combined a sense both of affection and honour It was not meant to echo Fuehrer or Duce but to give Subhas Bose a special Indian form of reverence and this term has been universally adopted by Indians everywhere in speaking about him 13 xangxing aekikh Gordon 1990 p 502 Wolpert 2000 p 339 Gordon 1990 pp 502 503 Gordon 1990 pp 344 345 Hayes 2011 p 15 The Open University 7 0 7 1 Bayly amp Harper 2007 p 2 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 3 Metcalf amp Metcalf 2012 p 210 9 0 9 1 Kulke amp Rothermund 2004 p 311 10 0 10 1 Bandyopadhyaẏa 2004 p 427 11 0 11 1 Hayes 2011 p 165 12 0 12 1 Stein 2010 pp 345 13 0 13 1 Gordon 1990 pp 459 460 brrnanukrm aekikh Allen Louis 2012 The Campaigns in Asia and the Pacific in John Gooch b k Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War London Routledge pp 162 191 ISBN 978 1 136 28888 3 Bandyopadhyaẏa Sekhara 2004 From Plassey to Partition A History of Modern India Orient Blackswan ISBN 978 81 250 2596 2 Bhattacharjee CS 23 January 2012 World believes Netaji was married but not his party The Sunday Indian Kolkata subkhnemux 13 February 2016 Bayly Christopher Alan 2012 Recovering Liberties Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 139 50518 5 Bayly Christopher Harper Timothy 2007 Forgotten Wars Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 02153 2 Bhuyan P R 2003 Swami Vivekananda Atlantic Publishers amp Distributors Bose Sarmila 2005 Love in the Time of War Subhas Chandra Bose s Journeys to Nazi Germany 1941 and towards the Soviet Union 1945 Economic and Political Weekly 40 3 249 56 JSTOR 4416082 Bose Sisir Bose Sugata 1997 The India Struggle Hindustan Times khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 10 April 2012 subkhnemux 6 February 2016 Bose Sisir Bose Sugata b k 1997a The Essential Writings of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Delhi Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195648546 Bose Sisir Werth Alexander Jog Narayan Gopal Ayer Subbier Appadurai 1996 Beacon Across Asia A Biography of Subhas Chandra Bose Orient Blackswan Bose Subhas 2002 Bose Sisir Bose Sugata b k Azad Hind writings and speeches 1941 1943 Netaji Research Bureau ISBN 8178240343 Bose Subhas 2004 Bose Sisir Kumar Bose Sugata b k CONGRESS PRESIDENT Speeches Articles and Letters January 1938 May 1939 Netaji Collected Works Orient Blackswan 9 ISBN 978 81 7824 103 6 subkhnemux 2 October 2020 Bose Sugata 2011 His Majesty s Opponent Subhas Chandra Bose and India s Struggle against Empire Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 04754 9 Chakraborty Phani Bhusan Bhaṭṭacarya Brajendrakumara 1989 News behind newspapers a study of the Indian press Minerva Associates Publications ISBN 978 81 85195 16 2 Chatterji Joya 2007 The Spoils of Partition Bengal and India 1947 1967 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 139 46830 5 Chattopadhyay Subhas Chandra 1989 Subhas Chandra Bose man mission and means Minerva Associates Chaudhuri Nirad C 1987 Thy Hand Great Anarch India 1921 1952 Chatto amp Windus Durga Das Pvt Ltd 1985 Eminent Indians who was who 1900 1980 also annual diary of events Durga Das Pvt Ltd The Editors of the Encyclopaedia Britannica 2016 Suhas Chandra Bose Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Fay Peter Ward 1995 The Forgotten Army India s Armed Struggle for Independence 1942 1945 University of Michigan Press ISBN 978 0 472 08342 8 Gauri Gayatri 21 November 2017 Bose Dead Alive review showsha com Firstpost subkhnemux 19 July 2018 Getz Marshall J 2002 Subhas Chandra Bose A Biography McFarland ISBN 978 0 7864 1265 5 Gordon Leonard A 1990 Brothers against the Raj a biography of Indian nationalists Sarat and Subhas Chandra Bose Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 07442 1 Goto Ken ichi Kratoska Paul H 2003 Tensions of empire National University of Singapore Press ISBN 9971 69 281 3 subkhnemux 13 December 2008 The Guardian 9 May 2005 Biopic of Indian revolutionary sparks protest The Guardian subkhnemux 2 May 2016 Das Gupta Ranjan 7 February 2015 Netaji in Cinema The Statesman subkhnemux 19 February 2020 Hauner M 1981 India in Axis Strategy Germany Japan and Indian Nationalists in the Second World War Stuttgart Klett Cotta Hayes Romain 2011 Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany Politics Intelligence and Propaganda 1941 1943 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 932739 3 The Hindu 24 August 2007 Shinzo Abe visits Netaji Bhavan sees notion of a Broader Asia The Hindu khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 2012 01 12 subkhnemux 16 October 2009 James L 1997 Raj the Making and Unmaking of British India London Abacus Jesudasen Yasmine 2006 Voices of Freedom Movement Sura Books ISBN 978 81 7478 555 8 Josh Bhagwan 1992 Struggle for hegemony in India 1920 47 the colonial state the left and the national movement 1934 41 SAGE ISBN 978 81 7036 295 1 Kulke Hermann Rothermund Dietmar 2004 A History of India Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 32919 4 Kumar Anu 2010b Subhas Chandra Bose Great Freedom Fighter Penguin Books Limited ISBN 978 81 8475 312 7 Lebra Joyce Chapman 2008a 1977 The Indian National Army and Japan Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian Studies ISBN 978 981 230 806 1 Loiwal Manogya 18 January 2017a President Pranab Mukherjee unveils Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose s 1937 Wanderer W24 in Kolkata India Today subkhnemux 20 February 2017 Loiwal Manogya 19 January 2017b Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose s favourite car restored unveiled in Kolkata India Today subkhnemux 20 February 2017 Low D A 1993 Eclipse of Empire Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 45754 5 Low D A 2002 Britain and Indian Nationalism The Imprint of Amibiguity 1929 1942 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 89261 2 Majumdar Sisir K 1997 Subhas Chandra Bose in Nazi Germany South Asia Forum Quarterly Chery Chase Maryland 10 1 subkhnemux 6 February 2016 Markandeya Subodh 1990 Subhas Chandra Bose Netaji s passage to im m ortality Arnold Publishers ISBN 9788170312413 McLynn Frank 2011 The Burma Campaign Disaster Into Triumph 1942 45 New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 17162 4 Mercado Stephen C 2002 The Shadow Warriors of Nakano A History of the Imperial Japanese Army s Elite Intelligence School illustrated ed Potomac Books Inc ISBN 978 1 57488 443 2 Metcalf Barbara D Metcalf Thomas R 2012 A Concise History of Modern India Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 107 02649 0 Moreman Tim 2013 The Jungle Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War 1941 45 Fighting Methods Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare Routledge ISBN 978 1 135 76456 2 Narangoa Li Cribb R B 2003 Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia 1895 1945 Routledge The Open University Subhas Chandra Bose Making Britain Discover how South Asians shaped the nation 1870 1950 The Open University subkhnemux 2 October 2020 Padhy K S 2011 Indian Political Thought PHI Learning Pvt Ltd ISBN 978 81 203 4305 4 Pandohar Jaspreet 16 May 2005 Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose The Forgotten Hero 2005 BBC Homepage Entertainment Film BBC subkhnemux 2 May 2016 Pasricha Ashu 2008 The Political Thought of Subhas Chandra Bose Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers 16 Concept Publishing Company Patil V S 1988 Subhas Chandra Bose his contribution to Indian nationalism Sterling Publishers Phadnis Aditi 2009 Business Standard Political Profiles of Cabals and Kings Business Standard Books ISBN 978 81 905735 4 2 Ramakrishnan T 25 February 2001 Memories of a brave heart The Hindu khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 2015 10 17 subkhnemux 13 February 2016 Roche Elizabeth 24 August 2007 訪印中の安倍首相 東京裁判のパール判事の息子らと面会 Elizabeth Roche AFPBB News subkhnemux 31 July 2018 Roy Meenu 1996 India Votes Elections 1996 A Critical Analysis Deep amp Deep Publications ISBN 817100900X Roy Dr R C 2004 Social Economic and Political Philosophy of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose PDF khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim PDF emux 3 November 2006 subkhnemux 6 April 2006 Salam Ziya Us 20 May 2005 Celluloid tribute to a national hero The Hindu khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 2015 10 17 subkhnemux 2 May 2016 Sen Satadru 1999 Subhas Chandra Bose 1897 1945 archived from the original on 5 March 2005 subkhnemux 6 February 2016 CS1 maint unfit url link Shanker Kapoor Ravi 2017 There is No Such Thing As Hate Speech Bloomsbury Publishing Singh Iqbal The Andaman Story Stein Burton 2010 A History of India John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1 4443 2351 1 Talwar Bhagat Ram 1976 The Talwars of Pathan Land and Subhas Chandra s Great Escape People s Publishing House Tarique Mohammad Modern Indian History Tata McGraw Hill Education ISBN 0070660301 Thomson Mike 23 September 2004 Hitler s secret Indian army BBC News Toye Hugh 2007 Subhas Chandra Bose Jaico Publishing House ISBN 978 81 7224 401 9 Vas Eric A 2008 Subhas Chandra Bose The Man and His Times Lancer Publishers ISBN 978 81 7062 243 7 Vipul Singh 2009 Longman History amp Civics Icse 10 Pearson Education India ISBN 978 81 317 2042 4 Wolpert Stanley A 2000 A New History of India Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 512877 2 Wolpert Stanley 2009 Shameful Flight The Last Years of the British Empire in India Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 539394 1 bthkhwamekiywkbchiwprawtiniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodyephimkhxmulekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title suphas cnthra ophs amp oldid 9598351, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,

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