Elliott-Fisk, D.L. (2000). "The Taiga and Boreal Forest". ใน Barbour, M.G.; Billings, M.D. (บ.ก.). North American Terrestrial Vegetation (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-55986-7.
Körner, C.; Riedl, S. (2012). Alpine Treelines: Functional Ecology of the Global High Elevation Tree Limits. Springer. ISBN9783034803960.
↑ Zwinger, A.; Willard, B.E. (1996). Land Above the Trees: A Guide to American Alpine Tundra. Big Earth Publishing. ISBN978-1-55566-171-7.
Körner, C (2003). Alpine plant life: functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystems. Springer. ISBN978-3-540-00347-2.
"Alpine Tundra Ecosystem". Rocky Mountain National Park. National Park Service. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2011-05-13.
Peet, R.K. (2000). "Forests and Meadows of the Rocky Mountains". ใน Barbour, M.G.; Billings, M.D. (บ.ก.). North American Terrestrial Vegetation (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-55986-7.
↑ Arno, S.F. (1984). Timberline: Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers. ISBN978-0-89886-085-6.
Baker, F.S. (1944). "Mountain climates of the western United States". Ecological Monographs. 14 (2): 223–254. doi:10.2307/1943534. JSTOR 1943534.
Geiger, R. (1950). The Climate near the Ground. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Tranquillini, W. (1979). Physiological Ecology of the Alpine Timberline: tree existence at high altitudes with special reference to the European Alps. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. ISBN978-3642671074.
Coates, K.D.; Haeussler, S.; Lindeburgh, S; Pojar, R.; Stock, A.J. (1994). Ecology and silviculture of interior spruce in British Columbia. OCLC 66824523.
Viereck, L.A. (1979). "Characteristics of treeline plant communities in Alaska". Holarctic Ecology. 2 (4): 228–238. JSTOR 3682417.
Viereck, L.A.; Van Cleve, K.; Dyrness, C. T. (1986). "Forest ecosystem distribution in the taiga environment". ใน Van Cleve, K.; Chapin, F.S.; Flanagan, P.W.; Viereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T. (บ.ก.). Forest Ecosystems in the Alaskan Taiga. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. pp. 22–43. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4902-3_3. ISBN978-1461249023.
Bradley, Raymond S. (1999). Paleoclimatology: reconstructing climates of the Quaternary. 68. Academic Press. p. 344. ISBN978-0123869951.
Körner, Ch (1998). "A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation" (PDF). Oecologia. 115 (4): 445–459. Bibcode:1998Oecol.115..445K. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.454.8501. doi:10.1007/s004420050540. PMID 28308263. S2CID 8647814.
"Mount Kinabalu National Park". www.ecologyasia.com. Ecology Asia. 4 September 2016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 September 2016.
ตุลาคม 08, 2021
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aenwtnimdanlang lower tree line aelaekidkhuntakwaradbkhwamsungpraman 5 000 fut 1 500 m inthaelthraythangtawntkechiyngitkhxngshrthxemrika 15 miaenwonmwabnekhtladchnthitidipthangkhwolkcamiaenwtnimekhtthaelthrayinradbkhwamsungthitakwaekhtladchnthiekhaiklesnsunysutr enuxngcakengabngaesngthimakkwainvdukxnhnachwyihsphaphxakasodyrxbtnimeynlng aelapxngknkhwamchuncakkarraehyxyangrwderw thaihtnimmivdukaretibotyawnankhunaelaekhathungnaidmakkhunaenwtnimtang thwolk aekikhaenwtnimekhtxliphn aekikh sthanthi laticudodypraman khwamsungkhxngaenwtnimodypraman hmayehtuemtr futFinnmarksvidda nxrewy 69 n 500 1 600 thi 71 N iklchayfngaenwtnimtakwaradbnathael aenwtnimxarktik Abisko swiedn 68 n 650 2 100 16 ethuxkekha Chugach xlaska 61 n 700 2 300 aenwtnimthiradbkhwamsungpraman 460 emtr 1 500 fut hruxtakwa inphunthichayfngskxtaelnd 57 n 500 1 600 xiththiphlthangthaelthirunaerngthaihvdurxnmixunhphumita cakdkaretibotkhxngtnim 17 ethuxkekharxkkikhxngaekhnada 51 n 2 400 7 900ethuxkekhaaexlpyipun 36 n 2 900 9 500phuekhayuchan ekaaithwn 23 n 3 600 11 800 18 lmaerngaeladinimdi cakd karetibotkhxngtnimphuekhakhinabalu ekaabxreniyw 6 1 n 3 400 11 200 19 aethsemeniy xxsetreliy 41 t 1 200 3 900 vduhnawlmhnawaerngaelavdurxnthieynsbayodymihimatkinvdurxnepnkhrngkhraw cakdkaretibotkhxngtnimFiordland ekaait niwsiaelnd 45 t 950 3 100 vduhnawlmhnawaerngaelavdurxnthieynsbayodymihimatkinvdurxnepnkhrngkhraw cakdkaretibotkhxngtnimxangxing aekikh Elliott Fisk D L 2000 The Taiga and Boreal Forest in Barbour M G Billings M D b k North American Terrestrial Vegetation 2nd ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 55986 7 2 0 2 1 Jorgensen S E 2009 Ecosystem Ecology Academic Press ISBN 978 0 444 53466 8 Korner C Riedl S 2012 Alpine Treelines Functional Ecology of the Global High Elevation Tree Limits Springer ISBN 9783034803960 4 0 4 1 Zwinger A Willard B E 1996 Land Above the Trees A Guide to American Alpine Tundra Big Earth Publishing ISBN 978 1 55566 171 7 Korner C 2003 Alpine plant life functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystems Springer ISBN 978 3 540 00347 2 Alpine Tundra Ecosystem Rocky Mountain National Park National Park Service subkhnemux 2011 05 13 Peet R K 2000 Forests and Meadows of the Rocky Mountains in Barbour M G Billings M D b k North American Terrestrial Vegetation 2nd ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 55986 7 8 0 8 1 Arno S F 1984 Timberline Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers Seattle WA The Mountaineers ISBN 978 0 89886 085 6 Baker F S 1944 Mountain climates of the western United States Ecological Monographs 14 2 223 254 doi 10 2307 1943534 JSTOR 1943534 Geiger R 1950 The Climate near the Ground Cambridge MA Harvard University Press Tranquillini W 1979 Physiological Ecology of the Alpine Timberline tree existence at high altitudes with special reference to the European Alps New York NY Springer Verlag ISBN 978 3642671074 Coates K D Haeussler S Lindeburgh S Pojar R Stock A J 1994 Ecology and silviculture of interior spruce in British Columbia OCLC 66824523 Viereck L A 1979 Characteristics of treeline plant communities in Alaska Holarctic Ecology 2 4 228 238 JSTOR 3682417 Viereck L A Van Cleve K Dyrness C T 1986 Forest ecosystem distribution in the taiga environment in Van Cleve K Chapin F S Flanagan P W Viereck L A Dyrness C T b k Forest Ecosystems in the Alaskan Taiga New York NY Springer Verlag pp 22 43 doi 10 1007 978 1 4612 4902 3 3 ISBN 978 1461249023 Bradley Raymond S 1999 Paleoclimatology reconstructing climates of the Quaternary 68 Academic Press p 344 ISBN 978 0123869951 Korner Ch 1998 A re assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation PDF Oecologia 115 4 445 459 Bibcode 1998Oecol 115 445K CiteSeerX 10 1 1 454 8501 doi 10 1007 s004420050540 PMID 28308263 S2CID 8647814 Action For Scotland s Biodiversity PDF 台灣地帶性植被之區劃與植物區系之分區 PDF khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim PDF emux 2014 11 29 Mount Kinabalu National Park www ecologyasia com Ecology Asia 4 September 2016 subkhnemux 6 September 2016 ekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title aenwtnim amp oldid 9442423, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,