Mourad Didouche † Mustapha Benboulaïd † Larbi Ben M'Hidi Ali La Pointe † Ahmed Zabana Youcef Zighoud † Benali Boudghène † Bachir Chihani [ar; fr]† Ali Mallah [ar]† Colonel Amirouche † Saadi Yacef Politicians: Abane Ramdane † Ferhat Abbas Houari Boumedienne Hocine Aït Ahmed Ahmed Ben Bella Krim Belkacem Frantz Fanon Rabah Bitat Mohamed Boudiaf Ali Kafi Ahmed Tewfik El Madani Ahmed Francis Mohamed Khider Benyoucef Benkhedda Abdelhamid Mehri Mohamed Lamine Debaghine Saad Dahlab Mohammed Seddik Benyahia Amar Ouamrane [ar; de; fa; fr] Lakhdar Ben Tobbal Abdelhafid Boussouf Saïd Mohammedi Ibrahim Mazhoudi
Alphonse Djamate (1955–62) Paul Cherrière (1954–55) Henri Lorillot (1955–56) Raoul Salan (1956–58) Jacques Massu (1956–60) Paul Aussaresses Maurice Challe (1958–60) Jean Crepin (1960–61) Fernand Gambiez (1961)
Said Boualam Pierre Lagaillarde Raoul Salan Edmond Jouhaud Jean-Jacques Susini
กำลัง
300,000 identified 40,000 civilian support
470,000 (maximum reached and maintained from 1956 to 1962):17 1.5 million total mobilized more than 90,000 Harkis
3,000 (OAS)
ความสูญเสีย
140,000 to 152,863 FLN soldiers including 12,000 internal purges (4,300 Algerian from the FLN and MNA killed in metropolitan France)
25,600 French soldiers dead 65,000 wounded
50,000 harkis (pro-france forces) killed or missing
6,000 European civilian deaths
100 dead (OAS) 2,000 jailed (OAS)
250,000-300,000 (including 55,000 to 60,000 civilians) Algerian casualties 1 million Europeans fled
↑ Windrow, Martin; Chappell, Mike (1997). The Algerian War 1954–62. Osprey Publishing. p. 11. ISBN9781855326583.
Introduction to Comparative Politics, By Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108
Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations, By Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt, page 63
Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy By George Bernard Noble, page 155
Alec G. Hargreaves (2005). Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. p. 1. ISBN978-0-7391-0821-5. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.
"The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire" Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962) Jo McCormack – 2010 [1] Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. p. 117. ISBN978-90-420-2406-9. The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 and exalted in de Gaulle's description of "la France de Dunkerque à Tlemcen" [Greater France stretching from Dunkerque to Tlemcen], received its decisive death blow.
Yves Beigbeder (2006). Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940-2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 35. ISBN978-90-04-15329-5. The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French Empire.
France's Colonial Legacies: Memory, Identity and Narrative. University of Wales Press. 15 October 2013. p. 111. ISBN978-1-78316-585-8. The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented. The reluctance, which ended only in 1999, to acknowledge 'les évenements' as a war, the shame over the fate of the harki detachments, the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past.
"Algérie : Une guerre d'appelés". 2012-03-19.
Travis, Hannibal (2013). Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945. Routledge. p. 137.
[2] Page 6 "The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans gives the figure of 152,863 FLN killed"
[3] 2016-11-07 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน "The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans calculates 152,863 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) deaths(french sources), and although the death toll among Algerian civilians may never be accurately known estimate of 1500000 to 2000000 were killed Page 576
↑ Horne, Alistair (1978). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. p. 358. ISBN9781590172186.
Stapleton, T.J. (2013). A Military History of Africa [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–272. ISBN9780313395703. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2017-01-13.
Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po - Z, index. 3, Academic Press, 1999 (ISBN9780122270109, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 86.
Crandall, R., America's Dirty Wars: Irregular Warfare from 1776 to the War on Terror, Cambridge University Press, 2014 (ISBN9781139915823, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 184.
From "Algeria: War of independence". Mass Atrocity Endings.:
He also argues that the least controversial of all the numbers put forward by various groups are those concerning the French soldiers, where government numbers are largely accepted as sound. Most controversial are the numbers of civilians killed. On this subject, he turns to the work of Meynier, who, citing French army documents (not the official number) posits the range of 55,000–60,000 deaths. Meynier further argues that the best number to capture the harkis deaths is 30,000. If we add to this, the number of European civilians, which government figures posit as 2,788.
Meynier's work cited was: Meynier, Gilbert. "Histoire intérieure du FLN. 1954–1962".
Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000). The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN9780199241040. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2017-01-13. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France's Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.
"Algeria – The Revolution and Social Change". countrystudies.us. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2017-01-13.
แม่แบบ:Harvsp (chap. "Une double guerre civile").
Keith Brannum, University of North Carolina Asheville, The Victory Without Laurels: The French Military Tragedy in Algeria(1954–1962) [4] 2014-10-26 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
Irwin M. Wall, France, the United States, and the Algerian War, pp, 68–69. [5]
Stora, Benjamin (2004). Algeria, 1830-2000: A Short History. ISBN978-0801489167.
Pervillé, G. (2012). Les accords d'Evian (1962): Succès ou échec de la réconciliation franco-algérienne (1954–2012). Armand Colin. ISBN9782200281977. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2017-01-13.
"Document officiel des Nations Unies". un.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2017-01-13.
"Proclamation des résultats du référendum d'autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962" (PDF). Journal Officiel de l'État Algérien. 6 July 1962. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2009-04-08.
สงครามแอลจ, เร, งเป, นท, กก, นค, สงครามเพ, ออ, สรภาพแก, แอลจ, เร, หร, การปฏ, แอลจ, เร, อาหร, الثورة, الجزائرية, thawra, jazaa, iriyya, แม, แบบ, lang, ฝร, งเศส, guerre, algérie, révolution, algérienne, เป, นการส, รบระหว, างฝร, งเศสและแนวร, วมปลดปล, อยแห, งชาต, . sngkhramaexlcieriy yngepnthiruckknkhux sngkhramephuxxisrphaphaekaexlcieriy hrux karptiwtiaexlcieriy xahrb الثورة الجزائرية Al thawra Al Jazaa iriyya aemaebb Lang ber frngess Guerre d Algerie or Revolution algerienne epnkarsurbrahwangfrngessaelaaenwrwmpldplxyaehngchatiaexlcieriy frngess Front de Liberation Nationale FLN tngaetpi kh s 1954 thung kh s 1962 sungnaipsuaexlcieriyidrbexkrachcakfrngess dwysngkhramkarihexkrachthisakhykhrngni mnepnkhwamkhdaeyngthisbsxnthiehnidxyangednchddwysngkhramrbaebbkxngocr karsurbkhxngkhbwnkarmarki aelamikarichthrman khwamkhdaeyngkhrngniidklayepnsngkhramklangemuxngrahwangchumchntangaelachumnumphayin 20 sngkhramkhrngniekidkhunswnihyindinaednaexlcieriy kbphlkrathbtxpraethsfrngessaephndinihysngkhramaexlcieriyالثورة الجزائرية Tagrawla TadzayritGuerre d Algerieswnhnungkhxng sngkhrameynaelakarpldplxyxananikhmaexfrikaphaphthaykhxngfrngessthasngkhraminaexlcieriywnthi1 phvscikayn kh s 1954 19 minakhm kh s 1962 7 years 4 months 2 weeks and 4 days sthanthiaexlcieriyphlfaythharcnmum 1 2 3 4 faykaremuxngaenwrwmpldplxyaehngchatichna Evian Accords aexlcieriyidrbexkrach sinsudkhxngckrwrrdixananikhmfrngess 5 6 7 8 karlmslaykhxngsatharnrthfrngessthi 4 aelakarkxtngkhxngsatharnrthfrngessthi 5dinaednepliynaeplngaexlcieriyidrbxisrphaphkhusngkhramFLN MNA PCA FranceFAF 1960 61 OAS 1961 62 Support Francoist SpainphubngkhbbychaaelaphunaMourad Didouche Mustapha Benboulaid Larbi Ben M Hidi Ali La Pointe Ahmed Zabana Youcef Zighoud Benali Boudghene Bachir Chihani ar fr Ali Mallah ar Colonel Amirouche Saadi YacefPoliticians Abane Ramdane Ferhat AbbasHouari BoumedienneHocine Ait AhmedAhmed Ben BellaKrim BelkacemFrantz FanonRabah BitatMohamed BoudiafAli KafiAhmed Tewfik El MadaniAhmed FrancisMohamed KhiderBenyoucef BenkheddaAbdelhamid MehriMohamed Lamine DebaghineSaad DahlabMohammed Seddik BenyahiaAmar Ouamrane ar de fa fr Lakhdar Ben TobbalAbdelhafid BoussoufSaid MohammediIbrahim MazhoudiAlphonse Djamate 1955 62 Paul Cherriere 1954 55 Henri Lorillot 1955 56 Raoul Salan 1956 58 Jacques Massu 1956 60 Paul AussaressesMaurice Challe 1958 60 Jean Crepin 1960 61 Fernand Gambiez 1961 Said Boualam Pierre Lagaillarde Raoul Salan Edmond Jouhaud Jean Jacques Susinikalng300 000 identified 40 000 civilian support470 000 maximum reached and maintained from 1956 to 1962 1 171 5 million total mobilized 9 more than 90 000 Harkis3 000 OAS khwamsuyesiy140 000 10 to 152 863 FLN soldiers 11 12 including 12 000 internal purges 13 4 300 Algerian from the FLN and MNA killed in metropolitan France 25 600 French soldiers dead 65 000 wounded 14 50 000 harkis pro france forces killed or missing 15 16 6 000 European civilian deaths100 dead OAS 2 000 jailed OAS 250 000 300 000 including 55 000 to 60 000 civilians 17 Algerian casualties1 million Europeans fled 18 2 000 000 Algerians resettled or displaced 19 1 13karerimtnxyangmiprasiththiphaphodysmachikaenwrwmpldplxyaehngchati FLN emuxwnthi 1 phvscikayn kh s 1954 inchwng Toussaint Rouge wnsmophchnkbuythnghlaysiaedng dwykhwamkhdaeyngkhrngninaipsuwikvtkarnthangkaremuxngxyangrayaernginfrngessthaihsatharnrthfrngessthi 4 lmslay kh s 1946 58 thukaethnthidwysatharnrthfrngessthi 5 phrxmkbprathanathibdithiekhmaekhng dwykhwamohdraykhxngwithikarthiichodykxngthphfrngessidlmehlwinkarexachnahwicaelawiyyaninaexlcieriy karsnbsnunthiaeplkinpraethsfrngessaephndinihyaelachawfrngessthimiskdisriintangpraethstxngxbxay 21 22 phayhlngcakkarprathwngkhrngihyinaexleciyraelahlayemuxngxuntangideriykrxngexkrach kh s 1960 23 24 aelamtikhxngxngkhkarshprachachatiidtrahnkthungsiththiinkaridrbexkrach 25 charl edx okl prathanathibdikhnaerkkhxngsatharnrthfrngessthi 5 idtdsinicthicaepidkarprachumecrcakbaenwrwmpldplxyaehngchati phlsrupdwykarlngnaminkhxtklngexwiyxng ineduxnminakhm kh s 1962 karlngprachamtiidekidkhunemux 8 emsayn kh s 1962 aelakhninfrngessmisiththiinkarlngkhaaenninkarxnumtikhxtklngexwiyxng phlsudthaykhux 91 karihstyabninkhxtklngkhrngni 26 aela 1 krkdakhm khxtklngnnxyuphayitkarlngprachamtikhrngthi 2 inpraethsaexlcieriy dwyphlohwtinkaridrbexkrach khux ehndwy 99 72 aelaimehndwy 0 28 27 aephnkarkhxngfrngessinkarthxnkalngnaipsuwikvtkarnrth rwmthungkhwamphyayamtangthicalxbsngharedx okl rwmthngkhwamphyayamthicakxrthprahar xditswnihythithukdaeninody Organisation armee secrete OAS epnxngkhkritdinthithukkxtngkhunmacakbukhkhlakrthangthharswnihykhxngfrngessthisnbsnunchawfrngessinaexlcieriy sungidkxkarwangraebidaelakhatkrrmcanwnmakthnginpraethsaexlcieriyaelainaephndinekidephuxhyudyngaephnkarihxisrphaphemuxidmxbxisrphaphaelwinpi kh s 1962 chawyuorp aexlcieriy Pieds noirs 900 000 khnidliphyipyngfrngessphayinewlaimkieduxnephraahwadklwkarlangaekhnkhxngaenwrwmpldplxyaehngchati rthbalfrngessimidetriymkhwamphrxmsahrbphuliphycanwnmhasalsungthaihekidkhwamwunwayinfrngess chawmuslimaexlcieriyswnihythithanganihkbfrngesscathukpldxawuthaelathukthingiwebuxnghlng enuxngcakkhxtklngrahwangthangkarfrngesskbthangkaraexlcieriyidprakaswacaimdaeninkarxairidkbphwkekha 28 xyangirktam odyechphaaxyangyingkbphwkharkhis Harkis mihnathiinkarsnbsnunaekkxngthphfrngess thuktrahnawaepnphwkthrysaelahlaykhnthuksngharodyaenwrwmpldplxyaehngchatihruximkthukrumprachathnth mibxykhrnghlngcakthuklkphatwaelathukthrman 13 537 29 micanwnpraman 9 000 khnidhlbhniipyngfrngess 30 bangkhnidrbkhwamchwyehluxcakecahnathichawfrngessthiptibtidwykarkhdkhasng aelainpi kh s 2016 phwkekhaaelalukhlanidklayepnswnthisakhykhxngprachakraexlcieriy frngessxangxing aekikh 1 0 1 1 1 2 Windrow Martin Chappell Mike 1997 The Algerian War 1954 62 Osprey Publishing p 11 ISBN 9781855326583 Introduction to Comparative Politics By Mark Kesselman Joel Krieger William Joseph page 108 Contracting States Sovereign Transfers in International Relations By Alexander Cooley Hendrik Spruyt page 63 Christian A Herter The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy By George Bernard Noble page 155 Alec G Hargreaves 2005 Memory Empire and Postcolonialism Legacies of French Colonialism Lexington Books p 1 ISBN 978 0 7391 0821 5 The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence which ended in 1962 The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire Collective Memory France and the Algerian War 1954 1962 Jo McCormack 2010 1 Paul Allatson Jo McCormack 2008 Exile Cultures Misplaced Identities Rodopi p 117 ISBN 978 90 420 2406 9 The Algerian War came to an end in 1962 and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria and North Africa With this outcome the French Empire celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 and exalted in de Gaulle s description of la France de Dunkerque a Tlemcen Greater France stretching from Dunkerque to Tlemcen received its decisive death blow Yves Beigbeder 2006 Judging War Crimes And Torture French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions 1940 2005 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers p 35 ISBN 978 90 04 15329 5 The independence of Algeria in 1962 after a long and bitter war marked the end of the French Empire France s Colonial Legacies Memory Identity and Narrative University of Wales Press 15 October 2013 p 111 ISBN 978 1 78316 585 8 The difficult relationship which France has with the period of history dominated by the Algerian war has been well documented The reluctance which ended only in 1999 to acknowledge les evenements as a war the shame over the fate of the harki detachments the amnesty covering many of the deeds committed during the war and the humiliation of a colonial defeat which marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past Algerie Une guerre d appeles 2012 03 19 Travis Hannibal 2013 Genocide Ethnonationalism and the United Nations Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945 Routledge p 137 2 Page 6 The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans gives the figure of 152 863 FLN killed 3 Archived 2016 11 07 thi ewyaebkaemchchin The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans calculates 152 863 Front de Liberation Nationale FLN deaths french sources and although the death toll among Algerian civilians may never be accurately known estimate of 1500000 to 2000000 were killed Page 576 13 0 13 1 Horne Alistair 1978 A Savage War of Peace Algeria 1954 1962 p 358 ISBN 9781590172186 Stapleton T J 2013 A Military History of Africa 3 volumes ABC CLIO pp 1 272 ISBN 9780313395703 subkhnemux 2017 01 13 Encyclopedia of Violence Peace and Conflict Po Z index 3 Academic Press 1999 ISBN 9780122270109 lire en ligne archive p 86 Crandall R America s Dirty Wars Irregular Warfare from 1776 to the War on Terror Cambridge University Press 2014 ISBN 9781139915823 lire en ligne archive p 184 From Algeria War of independence Mass Atrocity Endings He also argues that the least controversial of all the numbers put forward by various groups are those concerning the French soldiers where government numbers are largely accepted as sound Most controversial are the numbers of civilians killed On this subject he turns to the work of Meynier who citing French army documents not the official number posits the range of 55 000 60 000 deaths Meynier further argues that the best number to capture the harkis deaths is 30 000 If we add to this the number of European civilians which government figures posit as 2 788 Meynier s work cited was Meynier Gilbert Histoire interieure du FLN 1954 1962 Cutts M Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2000 The State of the World s Refugees 2000 Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action Oxford University Press p 38 ISBN 9780199241040 subkhnemux 2017 01 13 Referring to Evans Martin 2012 Algeria France s Undeclared War New York Oxford University Press Algeria The Revolution and Social Change countrystudies us subkhnemux 2017 01 13 aemaebb Harvsp chap Une double guerre civile Keith Brannum University of North Carolina Asheville The Victory Without Laurels The French Military Tragedy in Algeria 1954 1962 4 Archived 2014 10 26 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Irwin M Wall France the United States and the Algerian War pp 68 69 5 Stora Benjamin 2004 Algeria 1830 2000 A Short History ISBN 978 0801489167 Perville G 2012 Les accords d Evian 1962 Succes ou echec de la reconciliation franco algerienne 1954 2012 Armand Colin ISBN 9782200281977 subkhnemux 2017 01 13 Document officiel des Nations Unies un org subkhnemux 2017 01 13 referendum 1962 Algerie france politique fr subkhnemux 2017 01 13 Proclamation des resultats du referendum d autodetermination du 1er juillet 1962 PDF Journal Officiel de l Etat Algerien 6 July 1962 subkhnemux 2009 04 08 Evian accords Chapitre II partie A article 2 See http www aljazeera com news 2015 05 qa happened algeria harkis 150531082955192 html and Pierre Daum s The Last Taboo Harkis Who Stayed in Algeria After 1962 date November 2017 Ghosh Palash 2 April 2012 France Algeria 50 Years After Independence What Happened To The Harkis International Business Times bthkhwamekiywkbprawtisastrniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodyephimkhxmul duephimthi sthaniyxy prawtisastr bthkhwamekiywkbsngkhrameynniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodyephimkhxmul duephimthi sthaniyxy sngkhrameynekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title sngkhramaexlcieriy amp oldid 9661553, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,