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วิกิพีเดีย

อิบน์ อัลฮัยษัม

อะบู อะลี, อัลฮะซัน อิบน์ อัลฮะซัน อิบน์ อัลฮัยษัม (อาหรับ: أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم) หรือแผลงด้วยอักษรละตินเป็น แอลแฮซัน (อักษรโรมัน: Alhazen,(/ælˈhæzən/; ประมาณ 965 –  1040) เป็นนักคณิตศาสตร์ นักดาราศาสตร์ และนักฟิสิกส์สมัยกลางในยุคทองของอิสลามจากบริเวณที่เป็นประเทศอิรักในปัจจุบัน ได้รับการกล่าวถึงเป็น "บิดาแห่งทัศนศาสตร์สมัยใหม่" เขามีส่วนสำคัญต่อหลักการทัศนศาสตร์และการรับรู้ทางสายตาเป็นการเฉพาะ ผลงานที่มีอิทธิพลมากที่สุดของเขามีชื่อว่า กิตาบุลมะนาซิร (كتاب المناظر, "หนังสือทัศนศาสตร์") ที่เขียนขึ้นในช่วง ค.ศ. 1011–1021 ซึ่งยังคงเหลือเพียงฉบับภาษาละติน ผลงานของอิบน์ อัลฮัยษัมได้รับการอ้างอิงอย่างมากในช่วงการปฏิวัติทางวิทยาศาสตร์ของไอแซก นิวตัน, โยฮันเนิส เค็พเพลอร์, คริสตียาน เฮยเคินส์ และกาลิเลโอ กาลิเลอี

อิบน์ อัลฮัยษัม
แอลแฮซัน
ابن الهيثم
เกิดป. ค.ศ. 965 (ป. ฮ.ศ. 354)
บัสรา เอมิเรตบูยิด
เสียชีวิตป. ค.ศ. 1040 (ป. ฮ.ศ. 430) (ประมาณ 75 ปี)
ไคโร รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์ฟาฏิมียะฮ์
มีชื่อเสียงจากกิตาบุลมะนาซิร, Doubts Concerning Ptolemy, Alhazen's problem, การวิเคราะห์, Catoptrics, horopter, ความคลาดทรงกลม, ทฤษฎีการเปล่งของการรับรู้ทางสายตา, ภาพลวงตาดวงจันทร์, วิทยาศาสตร์เชิงทดลอง, ระเบียบวิธีแบบวิทยาศาสตร์, จิตวิทยาสัตว์
อาชีพทางวิทยาศาสตร์
สาขาฟิสิกส์, คณิตศาสตร์, ดาราศาสตร์
มีอิทธิพลต่อโอมาร์ คัยยาม, ตะกิยุดดีน มุฮัมมัด อิบน์ มะอ์รูฟ, แคมอล แอล-ดีน ฟอรีซี, อิบน์ รุชด์, แอล-ฆอซีนี, จอห์น เพ็กคัม, วิเตลโล, รอเจอร์ เบคอน, โยฮันเนิส เค็พเพลอร์
ได้รับอิทธิพลจากแอริสตอเติล, ยูคลิด, ทอเลมี, เกเลน, บะนู มูซา, ษาบิต อิบน์ กุรเราะฮ์, อัลกินดี, อิบน์ ซะฮล์, แอบูแซฮล์ แอลกูฮี

อิบน์ อัลฮัยษัมเป็นบุคคลแรกที่อธิบายทฤษฎีการมองเห็นได้ถูกต้อง และโต้แย้งว่าการมองเห็นเกิดขึ้นในสมอง ชี้ให้เห็นถึงข้อสังเกตที่เป็นอัตวิสัยและได้รับผลกระทบจากประสบการณ์ส่วนตัว เขายังกล่าวถึงหลักการใช้เวลาสำหรับการหักเหน้อยที่สุด ซึ่งภายหลังมีชื่อเรียกว่า หลักการของแฟร์มา เขามีส่วนสำคัญในเรื่องแสงสะท้อนหรือกระจก (catoptric) และการหักเหของแสง (dioptric) โดยศึกษาการสะท้อน การหักเห และธรรมชาติของภาพที่เกิดจากลำแสง อิบน์ อัลฮัยษัมเป็นผู้สนับสนุนแนวคิดเบื้องต้นที่ว่า สมมติฐานจะต้องได้รับการสนับสนุนจากการทดลองตามขั้นตอนที่ยืนยันได้ หรือการใช้เหตุผลทางคณิตศาสตร์ ซึ่งทำให้เขาเป็นผู้บุกเบิกระเบียบวิธีแบบวิทยาศาสตร์ยุคแรกประมาณ 5 ศตวรรษก่อนหน้านักวิทยาศาสตร์สมัยฟื้นฟูศิลปวิทยา ด้วยเหตุผล ทำให้บางครั้งมีการเรียกเขาเป็น "นักวิทยาศาสตร์ที่แท้จริงคนแรก"ของโลก เขาก็ยังเป็นผู้รู้รอบด้านที่เขียนเนื้อหาในด้านปรัชญา, เทววิทยา และแพทยศาสตร์

เขาเกิดที่บัสรา และใช้ชีวิตส่วนใหญ่ที่ไคโร เมืองหลวงของรัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์ฟาฏิมียะฮ์ และหาเลี้ยงชีพด้วยการประพันธ์ตำราต่าง ๆ และสั่งสอนสมาชิกขุนนาง บางครั้งมีการเรียกอิบน์ อัลฮัยษัมตามชื่อรอง อัลบัศรี ตามสถานที่ที่เขาเกิด หรือ อัลมิศรี ("ชาวอียิปต์") แอบูล-แฮแซน แบย์แฮกีขนานนามอัลฮัยษัมเป็น "ทอเลมีที่สอง" และจอห์น เพ็กคัมเรียกเขาเป็น "นักฟิสิกส์" อิบน์ อัลฮัยษัมได้ปูทางสู่ศาสตร์ของทัศนศาสตร์เชิงฟิสิกส์สมัยใหม่

ประวัติ

อิบน์ อัลฮัยษัม (แอลแฮซัน) เกิดเมื่อประมาณ ค.ศ. 965 จากครอบครัวชาวอาหรับ หรือเปอร์เซีย ที่บัสรา อิรักในสมัยเอมิเรตบูยิด อิทธิพลช่วงแรกของเขาคือการศึกษาศาสนาและการให้บริการแก่ชุมชน ในเวลานั้นสังคมมีมุมมองศาสนาที่ขัดแย้งกันหลายประการ จนทำใหเเขาก็พยายามที่จะก้าวออกจากศาสนา สิ่งนี้นำไปสู่การเจาะลึกการศึกษาคณิตศาสตร์และวิทยาศาสตร์ เขาดำรงตำแหน่งวิเซียร์ที่บัสรา และสร้างชื่อให้ตัวเองในด้านความรู้เกี่ยวกับคณิตศาสตร์ประยุกต์ เนื่องจากเขาอ้างว่าสามารถควบคุมอุทกภัยของแม่น้ำไนล์ ทำให้เขาได้ัรบเชิญให้พบกับเคาะลีฟะฮ์ อัลฮากิมแห่งฟาฏิมียะฮ์ เพื่อทำโครงการชลศาสตร์ที่อัสวาน อย่างไรก็ตาม อิบน์ อัลฮัยษัมถูกบังคับให้ยอมรับว่าไม่สามารถทำโครงการนั้นได้

เมื่อกลับมาที่ไคโร เขาได้รับตำแหน่งฝ่ายบริหาร หลังจากที่พิสูจน์แล้วว่าตนไม่สามารถทำภารกิจนี้ได้เช่นกัน เขาก็ทำสัญญาความโกรธแค้นต่อเคาะลีฟะฮ์อัลฮากิม และกล่าวกันว่าเขาถูกบังคับให้ซ่อนตัวจนกระทั่งเคาะลีฟะฮ์สวรรคตใน ค.ศ. 1021 หลังจากนั้นก็คืนทรัพย์สินของเขาที่ถูกยึด ตำนานระบุว่าอิบน์ อัลฮัยษัมแสร้งทำเป็นบ้า และซ่อนตัวในบ้าน โดยในช่วงนั้น เขาเขียนหนังสือเรื่อง กิตาบุลมะนาซิร เขายังคงอาศัยอยู่ที่ไคโรในย่านของมหาวิทยาลัยอัลอัซฮัร และดำรงชีวิตจากรายได้ในการผลิตวรรณกรรมของเขา จนกระทั่งเขาเสียชีวิตประมาณ ค.ศ. 1040

อ้างอิง

  1. Lorch, Richard (1 February 2017). Ibn al-Haytham: Arab astronomer and mathematician. Encyclopedia Britannica. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 January 2022.
  2. O'Connor & Robertson 1999.
  3. El-Bizri 2010, p. 11: "Ibn al-Haytham's groundbreaking studies in optics, including his research in catoptrics and dioptrics (respectively the sciences investigating the principles and instruments pertaining to the reflection and refraction of light), were principally gathered in his monumental opus: Kitåb al-manåóir (The Optics; De Aspectibus or Perspectivae; composed between 1028 CE and 1038 CE)."
  4. Rooney 2012, p. 39: "As a rigorous experimental physicist, he is sometimes credited with inventing the scientific method."
  5. Baker 2012, p. 449: "As shown earlier, Ibn al-Haytham was among the first scholars to experiment with animal psychology.
  6. A. Mark Smith (1996). Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the Optics. American Philosophical Society. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-87169-862-9.
  7. Smith 2001, p. xvi
  8. "Euclid's Optics" (PDF).
  9. Smith, A. Mark (1988) "Ptolemy, Optics" Isis Vol. 79, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 188–207, via JSTOR
    • Smith, A. Mark (1996) Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the "Optics" with Introduction and Commentary, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 86(2) (1996) via JSTOR
    • Smith, A. Mark (1999) Ptolemy and the Foundations of Ancient Mathematical Optics: A Source Based Guided Study, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society New Series, 89(3) (1999) via JSTOR
  10. บางครั้งเขียนเป็น Alhacen, Avennathan, Avenetan, เป็นต้น.; the identity of "Alhazen" with Ibn al-Haytham al-Basri "was identified towards the end of the 19th century". (Vernet 1996, p. 788)
  11. "Ibn al-Haytham". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 June 2019.
  12. Esposito, John L. (2000). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 192.: "Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics."
  13. For the description of his main fields, see e.g. Vernet 1996, p. 788 ("He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and, without any doubt, the best physicist.") Sabra 2008, Kalin, Ayduz & Dagli 2009 ("Ibn al-Ḥaytam was an eminent eleventh-century Arab optician, geometer, arithmetician, algebraist, astronomer, and engineer."), Dallal 1999 ("Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics.")
  14. "International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO". UNESCO (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2 June 2018.
  15. Al-Khalili, Jim (4 January 2009). "The 'first true scientist'". BBC News. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2 June 2018.
  16. Selin 2008: "The three most recognizable Islamic contributors to meteorology were: the Alexandrian mathematician/ astronomer Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen 965–1039), the Arab-speaking Persian physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna 980–1037), and the Spanish Moorish physician/jurist Ibn Rushd (Averroes; 1126–1198)." He has been dubbed the "father of modern optics" by the UNESCO. "Impact of Science on Society". UNESCO. 26–27: 140. 1976.. . www.light2015.org (ภาษาอังกฤษ). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 1 October 2014. สืบค้นเมื่อ 9 October 2017.. "International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO". UNESCO (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 9 October 2017.. Specifically, he was the first to explain that vision occurs when light bounces on an object and then enters an eye. Adamson, Peter (2016). Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-957749-1.
  17. Adamson, Peter (2016). Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-957749-1.
  18. Baker 2012, p. 445.
  19. Rashed, Roshdi (2019-04-01). "Fermat et le principe du moindre temps". Comptes Rendus Mécanique. 347 (4): 357–364. Bibcode:2019CRMec.347..357R. doi:10.1016/j.crme.2019.03.010. ISSN 1631-0721. S2CID 145904123.
  20. Selin 2008, p. 1817.
  21. Boudrioua, Azzedine; Rashed, Roshdi; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan (2017-08-15). Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham (ภาษาอังกฤษ). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-65112-7.
  22. Haq, Syed (2009). "Science in Islam". Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. ISSN 1703-7603. Retrievedn 22 October 2014.
  23. G. J. Toomer. Review on JSTOR, Toomer's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm (1963) Ibn Al-Haythams Weg Zur Physik Toomer p. 464: "Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method."
  24. . คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 1 October 2014. สืบค้นเมื่อ 4 January 2015.
  25. Gorini, Rosanna (October 2003). "Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision" (PDF). Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine. 2 (4): 53–55. เก็บ (PDF)จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2022-10-09. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 September 2008.
  26. Roshdi Rashed, Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrical Methods and the Philosophy of Mathematics: A History of Arabic Sciences and Mathematics, Volume 5, Routledge (2017), p. 635
  27. According to Al-Qifti. O'Connor & Robertson 1999.
  28. O'Connor & Robertson 1999
  29. O'Connor & Robertson 1999
  30. Disputed: Corbin 1993, p. 149.
  31. Noted by Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi (c. 1097–1169), and by
    • Sabra 1994 p. 197
    • Carl Boyer 1959 p. 80
  32. Lindberg 1967, p. 331:"Peckham continually bows to the authority of Alhazen, whom he cites as "the Author" or "the Physicist"."
  33. A. Mark Smith (1996). Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the Optics. American Philosophical Society. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-87169-862-9.
  34. Simon 2006
  35. “Alhazen Arab mathematician and physicist who was born around 965 in what is now Iraq.” Critical Companion to Chaucer: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work
  36. Esposito (2000)، The Oxford History of Islam، Oxford University Press، P. 192. : “Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics”
  37. History and Evolution of Concepts in Physics page 24
  38. Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science, Volume 34 page 59
  39. Renaissance Theories of Vision edited by John Shannon Hendrix, Charles page 77
  40. Quantum Mechanics for Beginners: With Applications to Quantum Communication By M. Suhail Zubairy page 81
  41. Child, Shuter & Taylor 1992, p. 70, Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973, p. 164, Understanding History by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor - Page 70. "Alhazen, a Persian scientist, showed that the eye saw light from other objects. This started optics, the science of light. The Arabs also studied astronomy, the study of the stars. "
  42. Tbakhi, Abdelghani; Amr, Samir S. (2007). "Ibn Al-Haytham: Father of Modern Optics". Annals of Saudi Medicine. 27 (6): 464–67. doi:10.5144/0256-4947.2007.464. ISSN 0256-4947. PMC 6074172. PMID 18059131.
  43. Corbin 1993, p. 149.
  44. The Prisoner of Al-Hakim. Clifton, NJ: Blue Dome Press, 2017. ISBN 1682060160
  45. Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, vol. 1 (1898), p. 469.
  46. . Cgie.org.ir. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 30 September 2011. สืบค้นเมื่อ 27 May 2012.[ต้องการตรวจสอบความถูกต้อง]
  47. For Ibn al-Haytham's life and works, Smith 2001, p. cxix recommends Sabra 1989, pp. vol.2, xix–lxxiii

ข้อมูล

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  • Daneshfard, Babak (2016), "Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039 AD), the original portrayal of the modern theory of vision", Journal of Medical Biography, Sage Publications, 24 (2): 227–31, doi:10.1177/0967772014529050, PMID 24737194, S2CID 39332483
  • Dessel, Norman F.; Nehrich, Richard B.; Voran, Glenn I. (1973). Science and human destiny. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070165809.
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แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น

  • ผลงานโดย อิบน์ อัลฮัยษัม ที่โอเพนไลบรารี
  • Langermann, Y. Tzvi (2007). "Ibn al‐Haytham: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥasan ibn al‐Ḥasan". ใน Thomas Hockey; และคณะ (บ.ก.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 556–67. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. ()
  • 'A Brief Introduction on Ibn al-Haytham' based on a lecture delivered at the Royal Society in London by Nader El-Bizri
  • Ibn al-Haytham on two Iraqi banknotes
  • The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on Ibn al-Haytham
  • Biography from Malaspina Global Portal
  • Short biographies on several "Muslim Heroes and Personalities" including Ibn al-Haytham
  • ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน (เก็บถาวร 13 ตุลาคม 1999)
  • . คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 11 February 2006. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 September 2008.
  • Biography from Molecular Expressions
  • The First True Scientist from BBC News
  • Over the Moon From The UNESCO Courier on the occasion of the International Year of Astronomy 2009
  • The Mechanical Water Clock Of Ibn Al-Haytham, Muslim Heritage
  • Alhazen's (1572) Opticae thesaurus (English) – digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library

บน, ลฮ, ยษ, อะบ, อะล, ลฮะซ, บน, ลฮะซ, อาหร, أبو, علي, الحسن, بن, الحسن, بن, الهيثم, หร, อแผลงด, วยอ, กษรละต, นเป, แอลแฮซ, กษรโรม, alhazen, ประมาณ, 1040, เป, นน, กคณ, ตศาสตร, กดาราศาสตร, และน, กฟ, กส, สม, ยกลางในย, คทองของอ, สลามจากบร, เวณท, เป, นประเทศอ, กในป,. xabu xali xlhasn xibn xlhasn xibn xlhysm xahrb أبو علي الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم hruxaephlngdwyxksrlatinepn aexlaehsn xksrormn Alhazen 10 ae l ˈ h ae z en 11 praman 965 1040 epnnkkhnitsastr nkdarasastr aelankfisikssmyklanginyukhthxngkhxngxislamcakbriewnthiepnpraethsxirkinpccubn 12 13 idrbkarklawthungepn bidaaehngthsnsastrsmyihm 14 15 ekhamiswnsakhytxhlkkarthsnsastraelakarrbruthangsaytaepnkarechphaa phlnganthimixiththiphlmakthisudkhxngekhamichuxwa kitabulmanasir كتاب المناظر hnngsuxthsnsastr thiekhiynkhuninchwng kh s 1011 1021 sungyngkhngehluxephiyngchbbphasalatin 16 phlngankhxngxibn xlhysmidrbkarxangxingxyangmakinchwngkarptiwtithangwithyasastrkhxngixaesk niwtn oyhnenis ekhphephlxr khristiyan ehyekhins aelakalielox kalielxixibn xlhysmaexlaehsnابن الهيثمekidp kh s 965 p h s 354 1 bsra exmiertbuyidesiychiwitp kh s 1040 p h s 430 1 praman 75 pi ikhor rthekhaalifahfatimiyahmichuxesiyngcakkitabulmanasir Doubts Concerning Ptolemy Alhazen s problem karwiekhraah 2 Catoptrics 3 horopter khwamkhladthrngklm thvsdikareplngkhxngkarrbruthangsayta phaphlwngtadwngcnthr withyasastrechingthdlxng raebiybwithiaebbwithyasastr 4 citwithyastw 5 xachiphthangwithyasastrsakhafisiks khnitsastr darasastrmixiththiphltxoxmar khyyam takiyuddin muhmmd xibn maxruf aekhmxl aexl din fxrisi xibn ruchd aexl khxsini cxhn ephkkhm wietlol rxecxr ebkhxn 6 oyhnenis ekhphephlxridrbxiththiphlcakaexristxetil 7 yukhlid 8 thxelmi 9 ekeln banu musa sabit xibn kureraah xlkindi xibn sahl aexbuaeshl aexlkuhixibn xlhysmepnbukhkhlaerkthixthibaythvsdikarmxngehnidthuktxng 17 aelaotaeyngwakarmxngehnekidkhuninsmxng chiihehnthungkhxsngektthiepnxtwisyaelaidrbphlkrathbcakprasbkarnswntw 18 ekhayngklawthunghlkkarichewlasahrbkarhkehnxythisud sungphayhlngmichuxeriykwa hlkkarkhxngaefrma 19 ekhamiswnsakhyineruxngaesngsathxnhruxkrack catoptric aelakarhkehkhxngaesng dioptric odysuksakarsathxn karhkeh aelathrrmchatikhxngphaphthiekidcaklaaesng 20 21 xibn xlhysmepnphusnbsnunaenwkhidebuxngtnthiwa smmtithancatxngidrbkarsnbsnuncakkarthdlxngtamkhntxnthiyunynid hruxkarichehtuphlthangkhnitsastr sungthaihekhaepnphubukebikraebiybwithiaebbwithyasastryukhaerkpraman 5 stwrrskxnhnankwithyasastrsmyfunfusilpwithya 22 23 24 25 dwyehtuphl thaihbangkhrngmikareriykekhaepn nkwithyasastrthiaethcringkhnaerk khxngolk 15 ekhakyngepnphururxbdanthiekhiynenuxhaindanprchya ethwwithya aelaaephthysastr 26 ekhaekidthibsra aelaichchiwitswnihythiikhor emuxnghlwngkhxngrthekhaalifahfatimiyah aelahaeliyngchiphdwykarpraphnthtaratang aelasngsxnsmachikkhunnang 27 bangkhrngmikareriykxibn xlhysmtamchuxrxng xlbsri tamsthanthithiekhaekid 28 hrux xlmisri chawxiyipt 29 30 aexbul aehaesn aebyaehkikhnannamxlhysmepn thxelmithisxng 31 aelacxhn ephkkhmeriykekhaepn nkfisiks 32 xibn xlhysmidputhangsusastrkhxngthsnsastrechingfisikssmyihm 33 enuxha 1 prawti 2 xangxing 3 khxmul 4 aehlngkhxmulxunprawti aekikhxibn xlhysm aexlaehsn ekidemuxpraman kh s 965 cakkhrxbkhrwchawxahrb 13 34 35 36 hruxepxresiy 37 38 39 40 41 thibsra xirkinsmyexmiertbuyid xiththiphlchwngaerkkhxngekhakhuxkarsuksasasnaaelakarihbrikaraekchumchn inewlannsngkhmmimummxngsasnathikhdaeyngknhlayprakar cnthaiheekhakphyayamthicakawxxkcaksasna singninaipsukarecaalukkarsuksakhnitsastraelawithyasastr 42 ekhadarngtaaehnngwiesiyrthibsra aelasrangchuxihtwexngindankhwamruekiywkbkhnitsastrprayukt enuxngcakekhaxangwasamarthkhwbkhumxuthkphykhxngaemnainl thaihekhaidrbechiyihphbkbekhaalifah xlhakimaehngfatimiyah ephuxthaokhrngkarchlsastrthixswan xyangirktam xibn xlhysmthukbngkhbihyxmrbwaimsamarththaokhrngkarnnid 43 emuxklbmathiikhor ekhaidrbtaaehnngfaybrihar hlngcakthiphisucnaelwwatnimsamarththapharkicniidechnkn ekhakthasyyakhwamokrthaekhntxekhaalifahxlhakim 44 aelaklawknwaekhathukbngkhbihsxntwcnkrathngekhaalifahswrrkhtin kh s 1021 hlngcaknnkkhunthrphysinkhxngekhathithukyud 45 tananrabuwaxibn xlhysmaesrngthaepnba aelasxntwinban 46 odyinchwngnn ekhaekhiynhnngsuxeruxng kitabulmanasir ekhayngkhngxasyxyuthiikhorinyankhxngmhawithyalyxlxshr aeladarngchiwitcakrayidinkarphlitwrrnkrrmkhxngekha 47 cnkrathngekhaesiychiwitpraman kh s 1040 43 xangxing aekikh 1 0 1 1 Lorch Richard 1 February 2017 Ibn al Haytham Arab astronomer and mathematician Encyclopedia Britannica subkhnemux 14 January 2022 O Connor amp Robertson 1999 El Bizri 2010 p 11 Ibn al Haytham s groundbreaking studies in optics including his research in catoptrics and dioptrics respectively the sciences investigating the principles and instruments pertaining to the reflection and refraction of light were principally gathered in his monumental opus Kitab al manaoir The Optics De Aspectibus or Perspectivae composed between 1028 CE and 1038 CE Rooney 2012 p 39 As a rigorous experimental physicist he is sometimes credited with inventing the scientific method Baker 2012 p 449 As shown earlier Ibn al Haytham was among the first scholars to experiment with animal psychology A Mark Smith 1996 Ptolemy s Theory of Visual Perception An English Translation of the Optics American Philosophical Society p 58 ISBN 978 0 87169 862 9 Smith 2001 p xvi Euclid s Optics PDF Smith A Mark 1988 Ptolemy Optics Isis Vol 79 No 2 Jun 1988 pp 188 207 via JSTOR Smith A Mark 1996 Ptolemy s Theory of Visual Perception An English Translation of the Optics with Introduction and Commentary Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 86 2 1996 via JSTOR Smith A Mark 1999 Ptolemy and the Foundations of Ancient Mathematical Optics A Source Based Guided Study Transactions of the American Philosophical Society New Series 89 3 1999 via JSTOR bangkhrngekhiynepn Alhacen Avennathan Avenetan epntn the identity of Alhazen with Ibn al Haytham al Basri was identified towards the end of the 19th century Vernet 1996 p 788 Ibn al Haytham The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 5th ed HarperCollins subkhnemux 23 June 2019 Esposito John L 2000 The Oxford History of Islam Oxford University Press p 192 Ibn al Haytham d 1039 known in the West as Alhazan was a leading Arab mathematician astronomer and physicist His optical compendium Kitab al Manazir is the greatest medieval work on optics 13 0 13 1 For the description of his main fields see e g Vernet 1996 p 788 He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and without any doubt the best physicist Sabra 2008 Kalin Ayduz amp Dagli 2009 Ibn al Ḥaytam was an eminent eleventh century Arab optician geometer arithmetician algebraist astronomer and engineer Dallal 1999 Ibn al Haytham d 1039 known in the West as Alhazan was a leading Arab mathematician astronomer and physicist His optical compendium Kitab al Manazir is the greatest medieval work on optics International Year of Light Ibn al Haytham pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO UNESCO phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 2 June 2018 15 0 15 1 Al Khalili Jim 4 January 2009 The first true scientist BBC News subkhnemux 2 June 2018 Selin 2008 The three most recognizable Islamic contributors to meteorology were the Alexandrian mathematician astronomer Ibn al Haytham Alhazen 965 1039 the Arab speaking Persian physician Ibn Sina Avicenna 980 1037 and the Spanish Moorish physician jurist Ibn Rushd Averroes 1126 1198 He has been dubbed the father of modern optics by the UNESCO Impact of Science on Society UNESCO 26 27 140 1976 International Year of Light Ibn Al Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics www light2015 org phasaxngkvs khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 1 October 2014 subkhnemux 9 October 2017 International Year of Light Ibn al Haytham pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO UNESCO phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 9 October 2017 Specifically he was the first to explain that vision occurs when light bounces on an object and then enters an eye Adamson Peter 2016 Philosophy in the Islamic World A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps Oxford University Press p 77 ISBN 978 0 19 957749 1 Adamson Peter 2016 Philosophy in the Islamic World A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps Oxford University Press p 77 ISBN 978 0 19 957749 1 Baker 2012 p 445 Rashed Roshdi 2019 04 01 Fermat et le principe du moindre temps Comptes Rendus Mecanique 347 4 357 364 Bibcode 2019CRMec 347 357R doi 10 1016 j crme 2019 03 010 ISSN 1631 0721 S2CID 145904123 Selin 2008 p 1817 Boudrioua Azzedine Rashed Roshdi Lakshminarayanan Vasudevan 2017 08 15 Light Based Science Technology and Sustainable Development The Legacy of Ibn al Haytham phasaxngkvs CRC Press ISBN 978 1 351 65112 7 Haq Syed 2009 Science in Islam Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages ISSN 1703 7603 Retrievedn 22 October 2014 G J Toomer Review on JSTOR Toomer s 1964 review of Matthias Schramm 1963 Ibn Al Haythams Weg Zur Physik Toomer p 464 Schramm sums up Ibn Al Haytham s achievement in the development of scientific method International Year of Light Ibn Al Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 1 October 2014 subkhnemux 4 January 2015 Gorini Rosanna October 2003 Al Haytham the man of experience First steps in the science of vision PDF Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 2 4 53 55 ekb PDF cakaehlngedimemux 2022 10 09 subkhnemux 25 September 2008 Roshdi Rashed Ibn al Haytham s Geometrical Methods and the Philosophy of Mathematics A History of Arabic Sciences and Mathematics Volume 5 Routledge 2017 p 635 According to Al Qifti O Connor amp Robertson 1999 O Connor amp Robertson 1999 O Connor amp Robertson 1999 Disputed Corbin 1993 p 149 Noted by Abu l Hasan Bayhaqi c 1097 1169 and by Sabra 1994 p 197 Carl Boyer 1959 p 80 Lindberg 1967 p 331 Peckham continually bows to the authority of Alhazen whom he cites as the Author or the Physicist A Mark Smith 1996 Ptolemy s Theory of Visual Perception An English Translation of the Optics American Philosophical Society p 57 ISBN 978 0 87169 862 9 Simon 2006 Alhazen Arab mathematician and physicist who was born around 965 in what is now Iraq Critical Companion to Chaucer A Literary Reference to His Life and Work Esposito 2000 The Oxford History of Islam Oxford University Press P 192 Ibn al Haytham d 1039 known in the West as Alhazan was a leading Arab mathematician astronomer and physicist His optical compendium Kitab al Manazir is the greatest medieval work on optics History and Evolution of Concepts in Physics page 24 Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science Volume 34 page 59 Renaissance Theories of Vision edited by John Shannon Hendrix Charles page 77 Quantum Mechanics for Beginners With Applications to Quantum Communication By M Suhail Zubairy page 81 Child Shuter amp Taylor 1992 p 70 Dessel Nehrich amp Voran 1973 p 164 Understanding History by John Child Paul Shuter David Taylor Page 70 Alhazen a Persian scientist showed that the eye saw light from other objects This started optics the science of light The Arabs also studied astronomy the study of the stars Tbakhi Abdelghani Amr Samir S 2007 Ibn Al Haytham Father of Modern Optics Annals of Saudi Medicine 27 6 464 67 doi 10 5144 0256 4947 2007 464 ISSN 0256 4947 PMC 6074172 PMID 18059131 43 0 43 1 Corbin 1993 p 149 The Prisoner of Al Hakim Clifton NJ Blue Dome Press 2017 ISBN 1682060160 Carl Brockelmann Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur vol 1 1898 p 469 the Great Islamic Encyclopedia Cgie org ir khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 30 September 2011 subkhnemux 27 May 2012 txngkartrwcsxbkhwamthuktxng For Ibn al Haytham s life and works Smith 2001 p cxix recommends Sabra 1989 pp vol 2 xix lxxiiikhxmul aekikhSimon G 2006 The gaze in Ibn al Haytham The Medieval History Journal 9 1 89 98 doi 10 1177 097194580500900105 S2CID 170628785 Child John Shuter Paul Taylor David 1992 Understanding history Oxford Heinemann Educational ISBN 0435312111 OCLC 27338645 Daneshfard Babak 2016 Ibn al Haytham 965 1039 AD the original portrayal of the modern theory of vision Journal of Medical Biography Sage Publications 24 2 227 31 doi 10 1177 0967772014529050 PMID 24737194 S2CID 39332483 Dessel Norman F Nehrich Richard B Voran Glenn I 1973 Science and human destiny New York McGraw Hill ISBN 9780070165809 Masoud Mohammad T Masoud Faiza 2006 How Islam changed medicine Ibn al Haytham and optics The BMJ British Medical Association 332 7533 332 120 doi 10 1136 bmj 332 7533 120 a PMC 1326979 PMID 16410601 Masic I 2008 Ibn al Haitham father of optics and describer of vision theory Med Arh Academy of medical sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina 62 3 183 88 PMID 18822953 Sweileh Waleed M Al Jabi Samah W Shanti Yousef I Sawalha Ansam F Zyoud Sa ed H 2015 Contribution of Arab researchers to ophthalmology a bibliometric and comparative analysis SpringerPlus Springer Publishing 4 4 42 doi 10 1186 s40064 015 0806 0 PMC 4318829 PMID 25674499 Aaen Stockdale C R 2008 Ibn al Haytham and psychophysics Perception 37 4 636 38 doi 10 1068 p5940 PMID 18546671 S2CID 43532965 Agrawal Amit Taguchi Yuichi Ramalingam Srikumar 2010 Analytical Forward Projection for Axial Non Central Dioptric and Catadioptric Cameras European Conference on Computer Vision khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 7 March 2012 Agrawal Amit Taguchi Yuichi Ramalingam Srikumar 2011 Beyond Alhazen s Problem Analytical Projection Model for Non Central Catadioptric Cameras with Quadric Mirrors IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition CiteSeerX 10 1 1 433 9727 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 7 March 2012 Alsina Claudi Nelsen Roger B 2010 9 1 Squarable lunes Charming Proofs A Journey into Elegant Mathematics Dolciani mathematical expositions vol 42 Mathematical Association of America pp 137 44 ISBN 978 0 88385 348 1 Arjomand Kamran 1997 The emergence of scientific modernity in Iran controversies surrounding astrology and modern astronomy in the mid nineteenth century Iranian Studies 30 1 5 24 doi 10 1080 00210869708701857 Authier Andre 2013 3 The Dual Nature of Light Early Days of X ray Crystallography Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 965984 5 Baker David B b k 2012 The Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology Global Perspectives Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 536655 6 Bettany Laurence 1995 Ibn al Haytham an answer to multicultural science teaching Physics Education 30 4 247 52 Bibcode 1995PhyEd 30 247B doi 10 1088 0031 9120 30 4 011 S2CID 250826188 Eckart Andreas March 2018 The Early Great Debate A Comment on Ibn Al Haytham s Work on the Location of the Milky Way with Respect to the Earth Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 28 1 1 30 doi 10 1017 S0957423917000078 S2CID 171746839 El Bizri Nader 2005a A Philosophical Perspective on Alhazen s Optics Arabic Sciences and Philosophy Cambridge University Press 15 2 189 218 doi 10 1017 S0957423905000172 S2CID 123057532 El Bizri Nader 2005b Ibn al Haytham in Wallis Faith b k Medieval Science Technology and Medicine An Encyclopedia New York amp London Routledge pp 237 40 ISBN 0 415 96930 1 OCLC 218847614 El Bizri Nader 2006 Ibn al Haytham or Alhazen in Meri Josef W b k Medieval Islamic Civilization An Encyclopaedia vol II New York amp London Routledge pp 343 45 ISBN 0 415 96692 2 OCLC 224371638 El Bizri Nader 2007 In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy Al Baghdadi s Critique of Ibn al Haytham s Geometrisation of Place Arabic Sciences and Philosophy Cambridge University Press 17 57 80 doi 10 1017 S0957423907000367 S2CID 170960993 El Bizri Nader 2009a La perception de la profondeur Alhazen Berkeley et Merleau Ponty Oriens Occidens Paris CNRS 5 1 171 84 El Bizri Nader 2009b Ibn al Haytham et le probleme de la couleur Oriens Occidens Paris CNRS 7 1 201 26 El Bizri Nader 2010 Classical Optics and the Perspectiva Traditions Leading to the Renaissance in Hendrix John Shannon Carman Charles H b k Renaissance Theories of Vision Visual Culture in Early Modernity Farnham Surrey Ashgate pp 11 30 ISBN 978 1 4094 0024 0 Burns Robert 8 August 1999 Some fear Iraq may be rebuilding its weapons of mass destruction Topeka Capital Journal khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 15 March 2009 subkhnemux 21 September 2008 Chong S M Lim A C H Ang P S 2002 Photographic Atlas of the Moon ISBN 978 0 521 81392 1 Corbin Henry 1993 Original French 1964 History of Islamic Philosophy aeplody Sherrard Liadain Sherrard Philip London Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies ISBN 0 7103 0416 1 OCLC 22109949 Crombie A C 1971 Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science 1100 1700 Clarendon Press University of Oxford Dallal Ahmad S 1999 Science Medicine and Technology in Esposito John L b k The Oxford History of Islam Oxford University Press Al Deek Mahmoud 2004 Ibn Al Haitham Master of Optics Mathematics Physics and Medicine Al Shindagah November December 2004 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 17 June 2008 subkhnemux 21 September 2008 Duhem Pierre 1969 First published 1908 To Save the Phenomena An Essay on the Idea of Physical theory from Plato to Galileo University of Chicago Press Chicago ISBN 0 226 16921 9 OCLC 12429405 Eder Michelle 2000 Views of Euclid s Parallel Postulate in Ancient Greece and in Medieval Islam Rutgers University subkhnemux 23 January 2008 Faruqi Yasmeen M 2006 Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise International Education Journal 7 4 391 96 Gondhalekar Prabhakar M 2001 The Grip of Gravity The Quest to Understand the Laws of Motion and Gravitation Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 80316 0 OCLC 224074913 Grant Edward 1974 A source book in medieval science vol One Cambridge MA Harvard University Press Grant Edward 2008 Alhazen Encarta Online Encyclopedia Microsoft khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 26 May 2008 subkhnemux 16 September 2008 Heeffer Albrecht 14 15 September 2003 Kepler s near discovery of the sine law A qualitative computational model Third International workshop Computer models of scientific reasoning and applications PDF Buenos Aires National Library of the Argentine Republic ekb PDF cakaehlngedimemux 2022 10 09 subkhnemux 23 January 2008 Hershenson Maurice 1989 The Moon Illusion Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ISBN 0 8058 0121 9 OCLC 20091171 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 22 March 2016 subkhnemux 22 September 2008 Hess David J 1995 Science and Technology in a Multicultural World The Cultural Politics of Facts and Artifacts Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 10196 1 Highfield Roger 1 April 1997 Don solves the last puzzle left by ancient Greeks The Daily Telegraph 676 subkhnemux 24 September 2008 Hodgson Peter Edward 2006 Theology And Modern Physics Burlington VT Ashgate Publishing tiphimph 15 January 2006 ISBN 978 0 7546 3622 9 OCLC 56876894 DDC 201 653 LCC BL265 P4 H63 2005 Howard Ian P 1996 Alhazen s neglected discoveries of visual phenomena Perception 25 10 1203 17 doi 10 1068 p251203 PMID 9027923 S2CID 20880413 Howard Ian P Wade Nicholas J 1996 Ptolemy s contributions to the geometry of binocular vision Perception 25 10 1189 201 doi 10 1068 p251189 PMID 9027922 S2CID 34431898 Kalin Ibrahim Ayduz Salim Dagli Caner b k 2009 Ibn al Ḥaytam The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Science and Technology in Islam Oxford University Press Katz Victor J 1995 Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India Mathematics Magazine 68 3 163 74 doi 10 2307 2691411 JSTOR 2691411 Katz Victor J 1998 History of Mathematics An Introduction Addison Wesley ISBN 0 321 01618 1 OCLC 38199387 Kelley David H Milone E F Aveni A F 2005 Exploring Ancient Skies An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy Birkhauser ISBN 0 387 95310 8 OCLC 213887290 Khaleefa Omar 1999 Who Is the Founder of Psychophysics and Experimental Psychology American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 16 2 Al Khalili Jim 12 February 2015 In retrospect Book of Optics Nature Nature Publishing Group 518 7538 164 165 Bibcode 2015Natur 518 164A doi 10 1038 518164a Langermann Y Tzvi 1990 Ibn al Haytham s on the Configuration of the World Lejeune Albert 1958 Les recherches de Ptolemee sur la vision binoculaire Janus 47 79 86 Lindberg David C 1967 Alhazen s Theory of Vision and Its Reception in the West Isis 58 3 321 41 doi 10 1086 350266 PMID 4867472 S2CID 10792576 Lindberg David C 1976 Theories of Vision from al Kindi to Kepler University of Chicago Press Chicago ISBN 0 226 48234 0 OCLC 1676198 Lindberg David C 1996 Roger Bacon and the Origins of Perspectiva in the Middle Ages Clarendon Press Lorch Richard 2008 Ibn al Haytham Encyclopaedia Britannica subkhnemux 6 August 2008 Magill Frank Northen Aves Alison 1998 The Middles Ages Alhazen Dictionary of World Biography vol 2 Routledge ISBN 978 1 57958 041 4 Mohamed Mohaini 2000 Great Muslim Mathematicians Penerbit UTM ISBN 983 52 0157 9 OCLC 48759017 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 30 August 2017 subkhnemux 30 August 2017 Murphy Dan 17 October 2003 No more Saddams Iraqis get new currency The Christian Science Monitor subkhnemux 21 September 2008 NASA 22 March 2006 59239 Alhazen 1999 CR2 JPL Small Body Database Browser NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory subkhnemux 20 September 2008 O Connor J J Robertson E F b k November 1999 Abu Ali al Hasan ibn al Haytham MacTutor History of Mathematics archive Scotland School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews subkhnemux 20 September 2008 Omar Saleh Beshara 1977 Ibn al Haytham s Optics A Study of the Origins of Experimental Science Minneapolis Bibliotheca Islamica ISBN 0 88297 015 1 OCLC 3328963 Plott C 2000 Global History of Philosophy The Period of Scholasticism Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 8120805518 Rashed Roshdi August 2002a A Polymath in the 10th century Science 297 5582 773 doi 10 1126 science 1074591 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 12161634 Rashed Roshdi 2002b PORTRAITS OF SCIENCE A Polymath in the 10th Century Science Science magazine 297 5582 773 doi 10 1126 science 1074591 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 12161634 Rashed Roshdi 2007 The Celestial Kinematics of Ibn al Haytham Arabic Sciences and Philosophy Cambridge University Press 17 7 55 doi 10 1017 S0957423907000355 S2CID 170934544 Raynaud Dominique 2003 Ibn al Haytham sur la vision binoculaire un precurseur de l optique physiologique Arabic Sciences and Philosophy Cambridge University Press 13 1 79 99 doi 10 1017 S0957423903003047 S2CID 231735113 Raynaud Dominique 2009 La perspective aerienne de Leonard de Vinci et ses origines dans l optique d Ibn al Haytham De aspectibus III 7 PDF Arabic Sciences and Philosophy Cambridge University Press 19 2 225 246 doi 10 1017 S0957423909990038 S2CID 170650586 ekb PDF cakaehlngedimemux 2022 10 09 Raynaud Dominique 2016 A Critical Edition of Ibn al Haytham s On the Shape of the Eclipse The First Experimental Study of the Camera Obscura New York Springer International ISBN 978 3 319 47991 0 Raynaud Dominique 2020 On the Latin Source of the Italian Version of Alhacen s De aspectibus Vat lat 4595 Arabic Sciences and Philosophy Cambridge University Press 30 1 139 153 doi 10 1017 S0957423919000122 S2CID 214480449 Rooney Anne 2012 Ibn Al Haytham The History of Physics The Rosen Publishing Group ISBN 978 1 4488 7371 5 Ross H E 2000 Cleomedes c 1st century AD on the celestial illusion atmospheric enlargement and size distance invariance Perception 29 7 853 61 doi 10 1068 p2937 PMID 11064807 S2CID 24967431 Ross H E Plug C 2002 The mystery of the moon illusion Exploring size perception Oxford University Press Bibcode 2002mmi book R ISBN 978 0 19 850862 5 Ross H E Ross G M 1976 Did Ptolemy understand the moon illusion Perception 5 4 377 85 doi 10 1068 p050377 PMID 794813 S2CID 23948158 Rottman J 2000 A first course in Abstract Algebra Prentice Hall ISBN 0 13 011584 3 OCLC 42960682 Rozenfeld Boris A 1988 A History of Non Euclidean Geometry Evolution of the Concept of a Geometric Space Springer Science Business Media ISBN 0 387 96458 4 OCLC 15550634 Rozenfeld Boris Abramovich Youschkevitch Adolf P 1996 Geometry in Rashed Roshdi b k Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science vol 2 London amp New York Routledge pp 447 94 Russell Gul A 1996 Emergence of Physiological Optics in Rashid Rushdi Morelon Regis b k Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science Routledge pp 672 716 ISBN 0 415 12410 7 OCLC 34731151 Sabra A I 1971 The astronomical origin of Ibn al Haytham s concept of experiment Actes du XIIe congres international d histoire des sciences Paris Albert Blanchard 3 133 36 Reprinted in Sabra 1994 Sabra A I 1978a Ibn al Haytham and the Visual Ray Hypothesis in Nasr Seyyed Hossein b k Ismaili Contributions to Islamic Culture Boston Shambhala Publications pp 178 216 ISBN 0 87773 731 2 Sabra A I 1978b An Eleventh Century Refutation of Ptolemy s Planetary Theory in Hilfstein Erna Czartoryski Pawel Grande Frank D b k Science and History Studies in Honor of Edward Rosen Studia Copernicana vol XVI Ossolineum Wroclaw pp 117 31 Sabra A I b k 1989 The Optics of Ibn al Haytham Books I II III On Direct Vision English Translation and Commentary 2 vols Studies of the Warburg Institute vol 40 aeplody Sabra A I London The Warburg Institute University of London ISBN 0 85481 072 2 OCLC 165564751 Sabra A I 1994 Optics Astronomy and Logic Studies in Arabic Science and Philosophy Collected Studies Series vol 444 Variorum Aldershot ISBN 0 86078 435 5 OCLC 29847104 Sabra A I 1998 Configuring the Universe Aporetic Problem Solving and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy Perspectives on Science 6 3 288 330 doi 10 1162 posc a 00552 S2CID 117426616 Sabra A I October December 2003 Ibn al Haytham Brief life of an Arab mathematician Harvard Magazine khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 27 September 2007 subkhnemux 23 January 2008 Sabra A I 2007 The Commentary That Saved the Text The Hazardous Journey of Ibn al Haytham s Arabic Optics Early Science and Medicine 12 2 117 33 doi 10 1163 157338207x194668 JSTOR 20617660 subkhnemux 22 January 2014 Sabra A I 2008 1970 80 Ibn Al Haytham Abu ʿAli Al Ḥasan Ibn Al Ḥasan Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography Charles Scribner s Sons Sambursky Samuel 1974 Physical Thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists Pica Press pp 51 ISBN 0 87663 712 8 Sardar Ziauddin 1998 Science in Islamic philosophy Islamic Philosophy Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy subkhnemux 3 February 2008 Selin Helaine b k 2008 M Encyclopaedia of the History of Science Technology and Medicine in Non Western Cultures vol 1 Springer p 1667 ISBN 978 1 4020 4559 2 Smith A Mark b k 2001 Alhacen s theory of visual perception a critical edition with English translation and commentary of the first three books of Alhacen s De aspectibus the medieval Latin version of Ibn al Haytham s Kitab al Manazir Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol 91 4 91 5 aeplody Smith A Mark Philadelphia American Philosophical Society amp DIANE Publishing ISBN 978 0 87169 914 5 OCLC 163278528 Books I III 2001 Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR Vol 2 English translation I TOC pp 339 41 II TOC pp 415 16 III TOC pp 559 60 Notes 681ff Bibl via JSTOR Smith A Mark June 2004 What is the History of Medieval Optics Really About PDF Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 148 2 180 94 JSTOR 1558283 PMID 15338543 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 18 October 2011 Smith A Mark 2005 The Alhacenian Account of Spatial Perception And Its Epistemological Implications Arabic Sciences and Philosophy Cambridge University Press 15 2 219 40 doi 10 1017 S0957423905000184 S2CID 171003284 Smith A Mark b k 2006 Alhacen on the principles of reflection a critical edition with English translation and commentary of books 4 and 5 of Alhacen sDe aspectibus the Medieval Latin version of Ibn al Haytham sKitab al Manaẓir Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol 95 4 95 5 aeplody Smith A Mark Philadelphia American Philosophical Society Books 4 5 2006 95 4 Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR 95 5 Vol 2 English translation IV TOC pp 289 94 V TOC pp 377 84 Notes Bibl via JSTOR Smith A Mark b k 2008 Alhacen on Image formation and distortion in mirrors a critical edition with English translation and commentary of Book 6 of Alhacen sDe aspectibus the Medieval Latin version of Ibn al Haytham sKitab al Manaẓir Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol 98 1 aeplody Smith A Mark Philadelphia American Philosophical Society Book 6 2008 98 1 section 1 Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR 98 1 section 2 Vol 2 English translation VI TOC pp 155 160 Notes Bibl via JSTOR Smith A Mark b k 2010 Alhacen on Refraction a critical edition with English translation and commentary of Book 7 of Alhacen sDe aspectibus the Medieval Latin version of Ibn al Haytham sKitab al Manaẓir Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol 100 3 aeplody Smith A Mark Philadelphia American Philosophical Society Book 7 2010 100 3 section 1 Vol 1 Commentary and Latin text via JSTOR 100 3 section 2 Vol 2 English translation VII TOC pp 213 18 Notes Bibl via JSTOR Smith A Mark 2015 From Sight to Light The Passage from Ancient to Modern Optics Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 17476 1 Smith John D 1 March 1992 The Remarkable Ibn al Haytham The Mathematical Gazette Mathematical Association 76 475 189 98 doi 10 2307 3620392 ISSN 0025 5572 JSTOR 3620392 S2CID 118597450 Toomer G J December 1964 Review Ibn al Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm Isis 55 4 463 65 doi 10 1086 349914 Topdemir Huseyin Gazi 18 July 2007 Ibn al Haytham 965 1039 His Life and Works Vernet J 1996 1960 Ibn al Haytham in Gibb H A R Bearman P b k Encyclopaedia of Islam First ed Leiden Brill Publishers ISBN 978 9004161214 Vernet J 2012 Ibn al Haytham in Bearman P Bianquis Th Bosworth C E van Donzel E Heinrichs W P b k Encyclopaedia of Islam Second ed Brill Online Brill Publishers subkhnemux 16 September 2008 Wade Nicholas J 1998 A Natural History of Vision Cambridge MA MIT Press Wade Nicholas J Finger Stanley 2001 The eye as an optical instrument from camera obscura to Helmholtz s perspective Perception 30 10 1157 77 doi 10 1068 p3210 PMID 11721819 S2CID 8185797 Weisstein Eric 2008 Alhazen s Billiard Problem Mathworld subkhnemux 24 September 2008 Whitaker Brian 23 September 2004 Centuries in the House of Wisdom The Guardian subkhnemux 16 September 2008 Zewail Ahmed H Thomas John Meurig 2010 4D Electron Microscopy Imaging in Space and Time World Scientific ISBN 978 1 84816 390 4aehlngkhxmulxun aekikhkhxmmxns miphaphaelasuxekiywkb xibn xlhysmphlnganody xibn xlhysm thioxephnilbrari Langermann Y Tzvi 2007 Ibn al Haytham Abu ʿAli al Ḥasan ibn al Ḥasan in Thomas Hockey aelakhna b k The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers New York Springer pp 556 67 ISBN 978 0 387 31022 0 PDF version A Brief Introduction on Ibn al Haytham based on a lecture delivered at the Royal Society in London by Nader El Bizri Ibn al Haytham on two Iraqi banknotes The Miracle of Light a UNESCO article on Ibn al Haytham Biography from Malaspina Global Portal Short biographies on several Muslim Heroes and Personalities including Ibn al Haytham Biography from ioNET thi ewyaebkaemchchin ekbthawr 13 tulakhm 1999 Biography from the BBC khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 11 February 2006 subkhnemux 16 September 2008 Biography from Trinity College Connecticut Biography from Molecular Expressions The First True Scientist from BBC News Over the Moon From The UNESCO Courier on the occasion of the International Year of Astronomy 2009 The Mechanical Water Clock Of Ibn Al Haytham Muslim Heritage Alhazen s 1572 Opticae thesaurus English digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library bthkhwamekiywkbchiwprawtiniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodykarephimetimkhxmul ekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title xibn xlhysm amp oldid 10643735, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,

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