Turchin, Peter and Jonathan M. Adams and Thomas D. Hall: "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States", page 222. Journal of World-Systems Research, Vol. XII, No. II, 2006
Walker, Sheila S.: "African roots/American cultures: Africa in the creation of the Americas", page 127. Rowman & Littlefield, 2001
Niane, D.T. (1994). Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali. Harlow: Longman African Writers. pp. 101 Pages. ISBN0-58226-475-8.
Niane, D.T. (1975). Recherches sur l’Empire du Mali au Moyen Âge. Paris: Présence Africaine. pp. 112 Pages.
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