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รัฐธรรมนูญสหรัฐ

สิงหาคม 16, 2021

รัฐธรรมนูญสหรัฐ (อังกฤษ: United States Constitution) เป็นกฎหมายสูงสุดของสหรัฐ เป็นกรอบการปฏิบัติสำหรับหน่วยงานของรัฐบาลกลางแห่งสหรัฐ และกำหนดความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างรัฐบาลกลางกับรัฐบาลท้องถิ่นของรัฐต่าง ๆ รวมถึงประชาชนทุกคนที่อาศัยอยู่ในสหรัฐด้วย

รัฐธรรมนูญแห่งสหรัฐ
หน้าแรกของรัฐธรรมนูญแห่งสหรัฐฉบับดั้งเดิม ปัจจุบันอยู่ที่ องค์การบริหารจดหมายเหตุและบันทึกแห่งชาติ (National Archives and Records Administration)
ข้อมูลทั่วไป
ผู้ตราผู้แทนของสภาร่างรัฐธรรมนูญ
วันตรา17 กันยายน ค.ศ. 1787
วันอนุมัติ21 มิถุนายน ค.ศ. 1788
ผู้ลงนามผู้แทนของสภาร่างรัฐธรรมนูญ 39 จาก 55 คน
ท้องที่ใช้ สหรัฐ

สามมาตราแรกของรัฐธรรมูญตั้งกฎและการแบ่งแยกอำนาจเป็นสามส่วนของรัฐบาลกลาง ได้แก่ ฝ่ายนิติบัญญัติ คือ รัฐสภาแบบสองสภา ฝ่ายบริหารนำโดยประธานาธิบดี และฝ่ายตุลาการนำโดยศาลสูงสุด สี่มาตราสุดท้ายวางกรอบหลักระบอบสหพันธรัฐ

รัฐธรรมนูญแห่งสหรัฐได้ประกาศใช้เมื่อวันที่ 17 กันยายน ค.ศ. 1787 ในที่ประชุม ณ ฟิลาเดลเฟีย รัฐเพนซิลเวเนีย และรับรองโดยการประชุมในรัฐต่าง ๆ ในนามของประชาชน โดยจนถึงปัจจุบัน รัฐธรรมนูญแห่งสหรัฐได้ถูกเปลี่ยนแปลงแก้ไข มาแล้ว 27 ครั้ง โดยสิบครั้งแรกเป็นที่รู้จักในนามของ รัฐบัญญัติสิทธิ (Bill of Rights)

รัฐธรรมนูญแห่งสหรัฐจัดเป็นรัฐธรรมนูญที่เป็นลายลักษณ์อักษณที่เก่าแก่ที่สุดที่ใช้บังคับอยู่ในปัจจุบัน อย่างไรก็ตาม หากรวมรัฐธรรมนูญที่ไม่เป็นลายลักษณ์อักษรเข้าไปด้วย รัฐธรรมนูญของกรุงซานมาริโน จะเก่าแก่กว่า[ต้องการอ้างอิง]

รัฐธรรมนูญแห่งสหรัฐจัดเป็นหัวใจหลักของกฎหมายในสหรัฐและวัฒนธรรมทางการเมือง โดยต้นฉบับดั้งเดิม ที่เขียนโดยนายจาคอป ชาลัส ได้จัดแสดงไว้ที่ องค์การบริหารจดหมายเหตุและบันทึกแห่งชาติ (National Archives and Records Administration) ณ กรุงวอชิงตัน ดีซี

ประวัติ

ฉบับร่าง ค.ศ. 1787

 
การลงนามในรัฐธรรมนูญเมื่อวันที่ 17 กันยายน ค.ศ. 1787

สัตยาบัน ค.ศ. 1788

อ้างอิง

Works cited

  • Adler, Mortimer; Gorman, William (1975). The American Testament: for the Institute for Philosophical Research and the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-34060-5. Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help)
  • Billias, George (2009). American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776–1989: A Global Perspective. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9107-3.
  • Bowen, Catherine (2010) [First published 1966]. Miracle at Philadelphia: The Story of the Constitutional Convention, May to September 1787. New York: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-10261-2.
  • Farber, Daniel (2003). Lincoln's Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-23793-0.
  • Levinson, Sanford (1987). "Pledging Faith in the Civil Religion; Or, Would You Sign the Constitution?". William & Mary Law Review. 29 (113). สืบค้นเมื่อ December 15, 2011.
  • Maier, Pauline (2010). Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86854-7.
  • Malcolm, George A. (1920). "Constitutional History of the Philippines". American Bar Association Journal. 6.
  • Moncure Jr., Thomas M. (1990). "Who is the Militia: The Virginia Ratification Convention and the Right to Bear Arms" (PDF). Lincoln Law Review. 19: 1–25. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 11, 2011.
  • O'Connor, Tom (2010). "Constitutional Structure". สืบค้นเมื่อ November 14, 2011.
  • Pritchett, C. Herman (1959). The American Constitution. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Qing Yu, Li (1988). "Dr. Sun Yat Sen and the U.S. Constitution". ใน Starr, Joseph Barton (บ.ก.). The United States Constitution: Its Birth, Growth, and Influence in Asia. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-201-3.
  • Stacy, Lee, บ.ก. (2003). Mexico and the United States. vol. 2. London: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-7402-9.
  • Wood, Gordon (1998). The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4723-7.

หนังสือสำหรับอ่านเพิ่มเติม

  • Bailyn, Bernard, บ.ก. (1993). The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification. Part One: September 1787 to February 1788. The Library of America.
  • Bailyn, Bernard, บ.ก. (1993). The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification. Part Two: January to August 1788. The Library of America. ISBN 0-940450-64-X.
  • Bryce, James, viscount (1891). The American Commonwealth. vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan and Co. pp. [350]–397, [636]–645, 669–682, et passim.
  • Casey, Gregory (Spring 1974). "The Supreme Court and Myth: An Empirical Investigation". Law & Society Review. 8 (3): 385–420. doi:10.2307/3053081. JSTOR 3053081.
  • Edwards. Donna, Mary Anne Franks, David Law (Chair in Public Law at the University of Hong Kong), Lawrence Lessig, and Louis Michael Seidman, "Constitution in Crisis: Has America's founding document become the nation's undoing?", Harper's Magazine, vol. 339, no. 2033 (October 2019), pp. 25–32. "The Constitution is not producing a democracy that's responsive to the people. [p. 31.] ... How do we break this deeply unrepresentative system that we have right now?" "[O]ur system—and especially our elected leaders—are averse to change. But there is still a revolutionary spirit within the American public that doesn't exist among elected leaders." [p. 32.]
  • Elliot, Jonathan. The Debates in the Several State Conventions of the Adoption of the Federal Constitution. Vol. 1, Constitution, Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Journal of Federal Convention, Vol. 2, State Conventions Massachusetts, Connecticut., New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Vol. 3, Virginia, Vol. 4, North. and South. Carolina, Resolutions, Tariffs, Banks, Debt, Vol. 5 Debates in Congress, Madison's Notes, Misc. Letters.
  • Foner, Eric, "The Corrupt Bargain" (review of Alexander Keyssar, Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College?, Harvard, 2020, 544 pp., ISBN 978 0 674 66015 1; and Jesse Wegman, Let the People Pick the President: The Case for Abolishing the Electoral College, St Martin's Press, 2020, 304 pp., ISBN 978 1 250 22197 1), London Review of Books, vol. 42, no. 10 (21 May 2020), pp. 3, 5–6. Foner concludes (p. 6): "Rooted in distrust of ordinary citizens and, like so many other features of American life, in the institution of slavery, the electoral college is a relic of a past the United States should have abandoned long ago."
  • Ford, Paul Leicester, บ.ก. (1888). Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States, Published During its Discussion by the People, 1787–1788. Brooklyn, NY; Pamphlets written between 1787 and 1788 by Elbridge Gerry, Noah Webster, John Jay, Melancthon Smith, Pelatiah Webster, Tench Coxe, James Wilson, John Dickinson, Alexander Contee Hanson, Edmund Randolph, Richard Henry Lee, George Mason, and David Ramsay. The essay attributed to Gerry was in fact written by Mercy Otis Warren.
  • Fritz, Christian G. (2008). American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War. Cambridge University Press.
  • Garvey, John H., บ.ก. (2004). Modern Constitutional Theory: A Reader (5th ed.). ISBN 978-0314149053.
  • Hall, Kermit (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Kaminski, John P.; Saladino, Gaspare J.; Leffler, Richard; Schoenleber, Charles H.; Hogan, Margaret A. (บ.ก.). Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, 1976-. Published volumes 1–10, 13–23, forthcoming volumes 11–12, 24–29. Most recent volume: The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, Vol. 23, Ratification by the States: New York, No. 5. Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin. ISBN 978-0-87020-439-5. Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help)
  • Klos, Stanley L. (2004). President Who? Forgotten Founders. Pittsburgh, PA: Evisum. p. 261. ISBN 0-9752627-5-0.
  • Kurland, Philip B.; Lerner, Ralph, บ.ก. (1987). The Founders' Constitution. University of Chicago Press and the Liberty Fund. ISBN 0-86597-279-6; Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help) The work consists of "extracts from the leading works of political theory, history, law, and constitutional argument on which the Framers and their contemporaries drew and which they themselves produced".
  • Levy, Leonard W.; Karst, Kenneth L.; West, John G., บ.ก. (1992). Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. New York: Macmillan. Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help)
  • Mason, Alpheus Thomas; Stephenson, Donald Grier, บ.ก. (2004). American Constitutional Law: Introductory Essays and Selected Cases (14th ed.). Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help)[ต้องการอ้างอิงเต็มรูปแบบ]
  • McDonald, Forrest (1985). Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0311-4.
  • Rakoff, Jed S., "The Last of His Kind" (review of John Paul Stevens, The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years, Little, Brown, 549 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 September 2019), pp. 20, 22, 24. John Paul Stevens, "a throwback to the postwar liberal Republican [U.S. Supreme Court] appointees", questioned the validity of "the doctrine of sovereign immunity, which holds that you cannot sue any state or federal government agency, or any of its officers or employees, for any wrong they may have committed against you, unless the state or federal government consents to being sued" (p. 20); the propriety of "the increasing resistance of the U.S. Supreme Court to most meaningful forms of gun control" (p. 22); and "the constitutionality of the death penalty ... because of incontrovertible evidence that innocent people have been sentenced to death." (pp. 22, 24.)
  • Robertson, David Brian (2013). The Original Compromise: What the Constitutional Framers Were Really Thinking. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Tribe, Laurence H. (1999). American Constitutional Law.[ต้องการอ้างอิงเต็มรูปแบบ]
  • Yale Law School. "The Avalon Project: Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School. สืบค้นเมื่อ May 8, 2011.

แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น

ค้นหาเกี่ยวกับ รัฐธรรมนูญสหรัฐ เพิ่มที่โครงการพี่น้องของวิกิพีเดีย
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แหล่งข้อมูลของรัฐบาลสหรัฐ

  • Analysis and Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States: legal analysis and interpretation of the Constitution, based primarily on Supreme Court case law
  • United States Constitution: Library of Congress web guide to Constitution related primary documents and resources
  • America's Founding Documents: original text and articles exploring the Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights
  • Constitution of the United States: original text of each clause in the Constitution with an accompanying explanation of its meaning and how that meaning has changed over time
  • THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA As Amended - govinfo.gov

ไม่ใช่แหล่งข้อมูลของรัฐบาล

  • Constitution of the United States of America ที่สารานุกรมบริตานิกา
  • Constitution: accessible text with index, web images of originals, and explanations of spelling and vocabulary
  • of the Constitution in MP3 format provided by the University of Chicago Law School
  • Mobile friendly version of the Constitution
  • National Constitution Center
  บทความเกี่ยวกับกฎหมายนี้ยังเป็นโครง คุณสามารถช่วยวิกิพีเดียได้โดยเพิ่มข้อมูล

สิงหาคม 16, 2021
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faybriharnaodyprathanathibdi aelafaytulakarnaodysalsungsud simatrasudthaywangkrxbhlkrabxbshphnthrthrththrrmnuyaehngshrthidprakasichemuxwnthi 17 knyayn kh s 1787 inthiprachum n filaedlefiy rthephnsileweniy aelarbrxngodykarprachuminrthtang innamkhxngprachachn odycnthungpccubn rththrrmnuyaehngshrthidthukepliynaeplngaekikh maaelw 27 khrng odysibkhrngaerkepnthiruckinnamkhxng rthbyytisiththi Bill of Rights rththrrmnuyaehngshrthcdepnrththrrmnuythiepnlaylksnxksnthiekaaekthisudthiichbngkhbxyuinpccubn xyangirktam hakrwmrththrrmnuythiimepnlaylksnxksrekhaipdwy rththrrmnuykhxngkrungsanmarion caekaaekkwa txngkarxangxing rththrrmnuyaehngshrthcdepnhwichlkkhxngkdhmayinshrthaelawthnthrrmthangkaremuxng odytnchbbdngedim thiekhiynodynaycakhxp chals idcdaesdngiwthi xngkhkarbriharcdhmayehtuaelabnthukaehngchati National Archives and Records Administration n krungwxchingtn disi enuxha 1 prawti 1 1 chbbrang kh s 1787 1 2 styabn kh s 1788 2 xangxing 2 1 Works cited 3 hnngsuxsahrbxanephimetim 4 aehlngkhxmulxun 4 1 aehlngkhxmulkhxngrthbalshrth 4 2 imichaehlngkhxmulkhxngrthbalprawti aekikhchbbrang kh s 1787 aekikh swnnirxephimetimkhxmul khunsamarthchwyephimkhxmulswnniid karlngnaminrththrrmnuyemuxwnthi 17 knyayn kh s 1787 styabn kh s 1788 aekikh swnnirxephimetimkhxmul khunsamarthchwyephimkhxmulswnniidxangxing aekikhWorks cited aekikh Adler Mortimer Gorman William 1975 The American Testament for the Institute for Philosophical Research and the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies New York Praeger ISBN 978 0 275 34060 5 Unknown parameter name list style ignored help Billias George 2009 American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World 1776 1989 A Global Perspective New York New York University Press ISBN 978 0 8147 9107 3 Bowen Catherine 2010 First published 1966 Miracle at Philadelphia The Story of the Constitutional Convention May to September 1787 New York Little Brown ISBN 978 0 316 10261 2 Farber Daniel 2003 Lincoln s Constitution Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 23793 0 Levinson Sanford 1987 Pledging Faith in the Civil Religion Or Would You Sign the Constitution William amp Mary Law Review 29 113 subkhnemux December 15 2011 Maier Pauline 2010 Ratification The People Debate the Constitution 1787 1788 New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 978 0 684 86854 7 Malcolm George A 1920 Constitutional History of the Philippines American Bar Association Journal 6 Moncure Jr Thomas M 1990 Who is the Militia The Virginia Ratification Convention and the Right to Bear Arms PDF Lincoln Law Review 19 1 25 subkhnemux November 11 2011 O Connor Tom 2010 Constitutional Structure subkhnemux November 14 2011 Pritchett C Herman 1959 The American Constitution New York McGraw Hill Qing Yu Li 1988 Dr Sun Yat Sen and the U S Constitution in Starr Joseph Barton b k The United States Constitution Its Birth Growth and Influence in Asia Hong Kong Hong Kong University Press ISBN 978 962 209 201 3 Stacy Lee b k 2003 Mexico and the United States vol 2 London Marshall Cavendish ISBN 978 0 7614 7402 9 Wood Gordon 1998 The Creation of the American Republic 1776 1787 Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 0 8078 4723 7 hnngsuxsahrbxanephimetim aekikhBailyn Bernard b k 1993 The Debate on the Constitution Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches Articles and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification Part One September 1787 to February 1788 The Library of America Bailyn Bernard b k 1993 The Debate on the Constitution Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches Articles and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification Part Two January to August 1788 The Library of America ISBN 0 940450 64 X Bryce James viscount 1891 The American Commonwealth vol 1 2nd ed London Macmillan and Co pp 350 397 636 645 669 682 et passim Casey Gregory Spring 1974 The Supreme Court and Myth An Empirical Investigation Law amp Society Review 8 3 385 420 doi 10 2307 3053081 JSTOR 3053081 Edwards Donna Mary Anne Franks David Law Chair in Public Law at the University of Hong Kong Lawrence Lessig and Louis Michael Seidman Constitution in Crisis Has America s founding document become the nation s undoing Harper s Magazine vol 339 no 2033 October 2019 pp 25 32 The Constitution is not producing a democracy that s responsive to the people p 31 How do we break this deeply unrepresentative system that we have right now O ur system and especially our elected leaders are averse to change But there is still a revolutionary spirit within the American public that doesn t exist among elected leaders p 32 Elliot Jonathan The Debates in the Several State Conventions of the Adoption of the Federal Constitution Vol 1 Constitution Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Journal of Federal Convention Vol 2 State Conventions Massachusetts Connecticut New Hampshire New York Pennsylvania Maryland Vol 3 Virginia Vol 4 North and South Carolina Resolutions Tariffs Banks Debt Vol 5 Debates in Congress Madison s Notes Misc Letters Foner Eric The Corrupt Bargain review of Alexander Keyssar Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College Harvard 2020 544 pp ISBN 978 0 674 66015 1 and Jesse Wegman Let the People Pick the President The Case for Abolishing the Electoral College St Martin s Press 2020 304 pp ISBN 978 1 250 22197 1 London Review of Books vol 42 no 10 21 May 2020 pp 3 5 6 Foner concludes p 6 Rooted in distrust of ordinary citizens and like so many other features of American life in the institution of slavery the electoral college is a relic of a past the United States should have abandoned long ago Ford Paul Leicester b k 1888 Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States Published During its Discussion by the People 1787 1788 Brooklyn NY Pamphlets written between 1787 and 1788 by Elbridge Gerry Noah Webster John Jay Melancthon Smith Pelatiah Webster Tench Coxe James Wilson John Dickinson Alexander Contee Hanson Edmund Randolph Richard Henry Lee George Mason and David Ramsay The essay attributed to Gerry was in fact written by Mercy Otis Warren Fritz Christian G 2008 American Sovereigns The People and America s Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War Cambridge University Press Garvey John H b k 2004 Modern Constitutional Theory A Reader 5th ed ISBN 978 0314149053 Hall Kermit 1992 The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States New York Oxford University Press Kaminski John P Saladino Gaspare J Leffler Richard Schoenleber Charles H Hogan Margaret A b k Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution 1976 Published volumes 1 10 13 23 forthcoming volumes 11 12 24 29 Most recent volume The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution Vol 23 Ratification by the States New York No 5 Madison The State Historical Society of Wisconsin ISBN 978 0 87020 439 5 Unknown parameter name list style ignored help Klos Stanley L 2004 President Who Forgotten Founders Pittsburgh PA Evisum p 261 ISBN 0 9752627 5 0 Kurland Philip B Lerner Ralph b k 1987 The Founders Constitution University of Chicago Press and the Liberty Fund ISBN 0 86597 279 6 Unknown parameter name list style ignored help The work consists of extracts from the leading works of political theory history law and constitutional argument on which the Framers and their contemporaries drew and which they themselves produced Levy Leonard W Karst Kenneth L West John G b k 1992 Encyclopedia of the American Constitution New York Macmillan Unknown parameter name list style ignored help Mason Alpheus Thomas Stephenson Donald Grier b k 2004 American Constitutional Law Introductory Essays and Selected Cases 14th ed Unknown parameter name list style ignored help txngkarxangxingetmrupaebb McDonald Forrest 1985 Novus Ordo Seclorum The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution Lawrence University Press of Kansas ISBN 978 0 7006 0311 4 Rakoff Jed S The Last of His Kind review of John Paul Stevens The Making of a Justice Reflections on My First 94 Years Little Brown 549 pp The New York Review of Books vol LXVI no 14 26 September 2019 pp 20 22 24 John Paul Stevens a throwback to the postwar liberal Republican U S Supreme Court appointees questioned the validity of the doctrine of sovereign immunity which holds that you cannot sue any state or federal government agency or any of its officers or employees for any wrong they may have committed against you unless the state or federal government consents to being sued p 20 the propriety of the increasing resistance of the U S Supreme Court to most meaningful forms of gun control p 22 and the constitutionality of the death penalty because of incontrovertible evidence that innocent people have been sentenced to death pp 22 24 Robertson David Brian 2013 The Original Compromise What the Constitutional Framers Were Really Thinking New York Oxford University Press Tribe Laurence H 1999 American Constitutional Law txngkarxangxingetmrupaebb Yale Law School The Avalon Project Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention The Avalon Project Yale Law School subkhnemux May 8 2011 aehlngkhxmulxun aekikh khnhaekiywkb rththrrmnuyshrth ephimthiokhrngkarphinxngkhxngwikiphiediy sux cakkhxmmxns xyphcn cakwikikhakhm khxkhwamtnchbb cakwikisxrs tara cakwikitaraaehlngkhxmulkhxngrthbalshrth aekikh Analysis and Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States legal analysis and interpretation of the Constitution based primarily on Supreme Court case law United States Constitution Library of Congress web guide to Constitution related primary documents and resources America s Founding Documents original text and articles exploring the Declaration of Independence Constitution and Bill of Rights Constitution of the United States original text of each clause in the Constitution with an accompanying explanation of its meaning and how that meaning has changed over time THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA As Amended govinfo govimichaehlngkhxmulkhxngrthbal aekikh Constitution of the United States of America thisaranukrmbritanika Constitution accessible text with index web images of originals and explanations of spelling and vocabulary Audio reading of the Constitution in MP3 format provided by the University of Chicago Law School Mobile friendly version of the Constitution National Constitution Center bthkhwamekiywkbkdhmayniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodyephimkhxmulekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title rththrrmnuyshrth amp oldid 9427238, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,

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