Ba Than (1951) (in Burmese). History of Burma (7th ed.). Yangon: Sarpay Beikman Press
↑ (Burney 1840, pp. 171–173); from Burmese sources; figures adjusted down by one magnitude per G.E. Harvey's analysis in his History of Burma (1925) in the section Numerical Note (pp. 333–335).
~20,000 at the beginning, plus additional 10,000 men and 2000 cavalry towards the end
(Burney 1840, pp. 180–181) and (Harvey 1925, pp. 333–335). Burney citing Burmese sources gives the Chinese strength as 500,000 foot and 50,000 cavalry and states the Burmese strength to be 64,000 foot and 1200 cavalry. These numbers are certainly exaggerated. Per Harvey (pp. 333–335), the Burmese numbers should be reduced by an order of magnitude, which gives the Chinese strength as about 55,000 which is in line with the 60,000 figure from Chinese sources. Moreover, the Burmese figure of ~65,000 was also exaggerated though probably not by a factor of ten. Per Harvey's analysis, the most the Konbaung kings could have raised was 60,000, even that in early 19th century when they had a larger empire than Hsinbyushin's. Hsinbyushin could not have raised 60,000 since Burma had been at war since 1740 and many able men had already perished. The most he could have raised was no more than 40,000.
The number is derived from the fact that only a few dozens of the 30,000 strong main army managed to return back to Yunnan. (See e.g. (Myint-U 2006, pp. 102–103).) This figure does not include casualties suffered by the northern army.
แหล่งที่มา
Burney, Col. Henry (August 1840). Four Years' War between Burmah and China. The Chinese Repository. 9. Canton: Printed for Proprietors.
Dai, Yingcong (2004). "A Disguised Defeat: The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/s0026749x04001040.
Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2006). "Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)". SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 4 (2).
Giersch, Charles Patterson (2006). Asian borderlands: the transformation of Qing China's Yunnan frontier. Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-02171-1.
Hall, D.G.E. (1960). Burma (3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. ISBN978-1-4067-3503-1.
Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
Haskew, Michael E., Christer Joregensen, Eric Niderost, Chris McNab (2008). Fighting techniques of the Oriental world, AD 1200–1860: equipment, combat skills, and tactics (Illustrated ed.). Macmillan. ISBN978-0-312-38696-2.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
Jung, Richard J. K. (1971). "The Sino-Burmese War, 1766–1770: War and Peace Under the Tributary System". Papers on China. 24.
George C. Kohn (2006). Dictionary of wars. Checkmark Books. ISBN0-8160-6578-0.
Kyaw Thet (1962). History of Union of Burma (ภาษาพม่า). Yangon: Yangon University Press.
Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-80496-7.
Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN978-0-374-16342-6.
Sir Arthur Purves Phayre (1884). History of Burma: including Burma proper, Pegu, Taungu, Tenasserim, and Arakan. From the earliest time to the end of the first war with British India. Trübner & co.
Whiting, Marvin C. (2002). Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC – 1912 AD. iUniverse. pp. 480–481. ISBN978-0-595-22134-9.
Woodside, Alexander (2002). Willard J. Peterson (บ.ก.). The Cambridge history of China: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Volume 9. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-24334-6.
Draft History of Qing, Chapter 327, Biographies 114 《清史稿》卷327 列傳一百十四 (ภาษาจีน). China.
ตุลาคม 04, 2021
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sngkhramkhrngnimiesnabdiklaohmkhxngcinrwmmathasukdwythung 4 nayprakxbdwy fuehing phayhlngslasiththiepnxngkhmntri hmingruy khnthisxng xakuy khnthisamidrbaetngtnghlnghmingruytay exxhning khnthisiidrbaetngtnghlngxakuytay xangxing aekikh 1 0 1 1 1 2 Giersch 2006 p 103 2 0 2 1 Giersch 2006 p 101 Qing Chronicles Haskew 2008 pp 27 31 Giersch 2006 p 102 Htin Aung 1967 pp 180 183 George C Kohn 2006 p 82 Harvey 1925 p 258 Dai 2004 p 145 Asian Studies exechiysuksa amp chmrmphusnickhxmulrachwngsching phngsawdarrachwngsching 清史稿 elmthi 318 brrphthi 105 Woodside 2002 pp 256 262 https zh wikipedia org wiki E5 85 AB E6 97 97 CITEREF E6 9D 9C E5 AE B6 E9 AA A52008 Ba Than 1951 in Burmese History of Burma 7th ed Yangon Sarpay Beikman Press 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 Burney 1840 pp 171 173 from Burmese sources figures adjusted down by one magnitude per G E Harvey s analysis in his History of Burma 1925 in the section Numerical Note pp 333 335 20 000 at the beginning plus additional 10 000 men and 2000 cavalry towards the end Burney 1840 pp 180 181 and Harvey 1925 pp 333 335 Burney citing Burmese sources gives the Chinese strength as 500 000 foot and 50 000 cavalry and states the Burmese strength to be 64 000 foot and 1200 cavalry These numbers are certainly exaggerated Per Harvey pp 333 335 the Burmese numbers should be reduced by an order of magnitude which gives the Chinese strength as about 55 000 which is in line with the 60 000 figure from Chinese sources Moreover the Burmese figure of 65 000 was also exaggerated though probably not by a factor of ten Per Harvey s analysis the most the Konbaung kings could have raised was 60 000 even that in early 19th century when they had a larger empire than Hsinbyushin s Hsinbyushin could not have raised 60 000 since Burma had been at war since 1740 and many able men had already perished The most he could have raised was no more than 40 000 The number is derived from the fact that only a few dozens of the 30 000 strong main army managed to return back to Yunnan See e g Myint U 2006 pp 102 103 This figure does not include casualties suffered by the northern army aehlngthima aekikh Burney Col Henry August 1840 Four Years War between Burmah and China The Chinese Repository 9 Canton Printed for Proprietors Dai Yingcong 2004 A Disguised Defeat The Myanmar Campaign of the Qing Dynasty Modern Asian Studies Cambridge University Press doi 10 1017 s0026749x04001040 Fernquest Jon Autumn 2006 Crucible of War Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone 1382 1454 SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research 4 2 Giersch Charles Patterson 2006 Asian borderlands the transformation of Qing China s Yunnan frontier Harvard University Press ISBN 0 674 02171 1 Hall D G E 1960 Burma 3rd ed Hutchinson University Library ISBN 978 1 4067 3503 1 Harvey G E 1925 History of Burma From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 London Frank Cass amp Co Ltd Haskew Michael E Christer Joregensen Eric Niderost Chris McNab 2008 Fighting techniques of the Oriental world AD 1200 1860 equipment combat skills and tactics Illustrated ed Macmillan ISBN 978 0 312 38696 2 CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Htin Aung Maung 1967 A History of Burma New York and London Cambridge University Press Jung Richard J K 1971 The Sino Burmese War 1766 1770 War and Peace Under the Tributary System Papers on China 24 George C Kohn 2006 Dictionary of wars Checkmark Books ISBN 0 8160 6578 0 Kyaw Thet 1962 History of Union of Burma phasaphma Yangon Yangon University Press Lieberman Victor B 2003 Strange Parallels Southeast Asia in Global Context c 800 1830 volume 1 Integration on the Mainland Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 80496 7 Myint U Thant 2006 The River of Lost Footsteps Histories of Burma Farrar Straus and Giroux ISBN 978 0 374 16342 6 Sir Arthur Purves Phayre 1884 History of Burma including Burma proper Pegu Taungu Tenasserim and Arakan From the earliest time to the end of the first war with British India Trubner amp co Whiting Marvin C 2002 Imperial Chinese Military History 8000 BC 1912 AD iUniverse pp 480 481 ISBN 978 0 595 22134 9 Woodside Alexander 2002 Willard J Peterson b k The Cambridge history of China The Ch ing Empire to 1800 Volume 9 United Kingdom Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 24334 6 Draft History of Qing Chapter 327 Biographies 114 清史稿 卷327 列傳一百十四 phasacin China ekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title sngkhramcin phma amp oldid 9656545, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,