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วิกิพีเดีย

อารยธรรมลุ่มแม่น้ำสินธุ

สิงหาคม 26, 2021

อารยธรรมลุ่มแม่น้ำสินธุ (อังกฤษ: Indus Valley Civilisation; IVC) เป็นอารยธรรมยุคสัมริดในภูมิภาคตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือของเอเชียใต้ ดำรงอยู่ตั้งแต่ราว 3300 BCE ถึง 1300 BCE และยิ่งใหญ่ที่สุดในช่วงปี 2600 BCE ถึง 1900 BCE อารยธรรมลุ่มแม่น้ำสินธุ, อียิปต์โบราณ และ เมโสโปเตเมีย เป็นสามอารยธรรมยุคเริ่มแรกของโลก พื้นที่ที่เคยเป็นอารยธรรมลุ่มแม่น้ำสินธุนั้นในปัจจุบันอยู่ในพื้นที่ของประเทศอัฟกานิสถาน, ส่วนใหญ่ของประเทศปากีสถาน และทางตะวันตกถึงตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือของประเทศอินเดีย อารยธรรมนี้เจริญรุ่งเรืองอยู่บนที่ลุ่มริมแม่น้ำสินธุซึ่งไหลผ่านตลอดประเทศปากีสถานและระบบแม่น้ำที่มีน้ำตลอดทั้งปี ซึ่งส่วนใหญ่ได้น้ำจากมรสุม และแม่น้ำตามฤดูกาล แม่น้ำกากการ์-ฮากรา

อารยธรรมลุ่มแม่น้ำสินธุ
ภูมิภาคที่ราบลุ่มแม่น้ำสินธุ ประเทศปากีสถาน และตามฤดูกาลสำหรับแม่น้ำกากการ์-ฮากรา ตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือของประเทศอินเดียและตะวันออกของปากีสถาน
สมัยยุคสำริดในเอเชียใต้
ช่วงเวลาป. 3300 –  1300 BCE
แหล่งโบราณคดีต้นแบบฮารัปปา
แหล่งโบราณคดีสำคัญฮารัปปา, โมเหนโจ-ดาโร (27°19′45″N 68°08′20″E / 27.32917°N 68.13889°E / 27.32917; 68.13889พิกัดภูมิศาสตร์: 27°19′45″N 68°08′20″E / 27.32917°N 68.13889°E / 27.32917; 68.13889), โธลวีระ, คเนรีวลา, and Rakhigarhi
ก่อนหน้าเมหร์ครห์
ถัดไปวัฒนธรรมภาชนะทาสีเทา
วัฒนธรรมสุสานที่เอช
ซากอารยธรรมที่ขุดค้นของโมเหนโจดาโร ในแคว้นสินธ์ ประเทศปากีสถาน ในภาพคือโรงอาบน้ำใหญ่
ของเล่นจากฮารัปปา อายุราว c. 2500 BCE

เมืองต่าง ๆ ของอารยธรรมเป็นที่รู้จักในฐานะเมืองที่มีการวางผังเมือง, บ้านที่สร้างจากอิฐอบ, ระบบระบายน้ำและชลประทานที่ซับซ้อน, กลุ่มของอาคารที่ไม่ใช่เพื่อการอยู่อาศัย และวิธีการใหม่ ๆ ในหัตถกรรม (ผลิตภัณฑ์จากคาร์เนเลียนและการสลักตราประทับ) และความสามารถในการแยกโลหะออกจากแร่ (ทองแดง, สำริด, ตะกั่ว, ดีบุก) เมืองใหญ่สองแห่งของอารยธรรมคือโมเฮนโจ-ดาโร และ ฮารัปปา เป็นไปได้ว่ามีประชากรมากถึง 30,000 และ 60,000 คน และในช่วงเวลารุง้เรืองสูงสุดอาจมีประชากรมากถึงหนึ่งถึงห้าล้านคน

หมายเหตุ

  1. Wright: "Mesopotamia and Egypt ... co-existed with the Indus civilization during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 BC."
  2. Wright: "The Indus civilisation is one of three in the 'Ancient East' that, along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt, was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World (Childe, 1950). Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived, but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B.C. Of the three, the Indus was the most expansive, extending from today's northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India."
  3. Dyson: "Mohenjo-daro and Harappa may each have contained between 30,000 and 60,000 people (perhaps more in the former case). Water transport was crucial for the provisioning of these and other cities. That said, the vast majority of people lived in rural areas. At the height of the Indus valley civilization the subcontinent may have contained 4-6 million people."
  4. McIntosh: "The enormous potential of the greater Indus region offered scope for huge population increase; by the end of the Mature Harappan period, the Harappans are estimated to have numbered somewhere between 1 and 5 million, probably well below the region's carrying capacity."

อ้างอิง

  1. ↑ Wright 2009, p. 1.
  2. ↑ Wright 2009.
  3. Giosan et al. 2012.
  4. Wright 2009, pp. 115–125.
  5. ↑ Dyson 2018, p. 29.
  6. ↑ McIntosh 2008, p. 187.

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อารยธรรมลุ่มแม่น้ำสินธุ

สิงหาคม 26, 2021
อารยธรรมล, มแม, ำส, นธ, งกฤษ, indus, valley, civilisation, เป, นอารยธรรมย, คส, มร, ดในภ, ภาคตะว, นตกเฉ, ยงเหน, อของเอเช, ยใต, ดำรงอย, งแต, ราว, 3300, 1300, และย, งใหญ, ดในช, วงป, 2600, 1900, ปต, โบราณ, และ, เมโสโปเตเม, เป, นสามอารยธรรมย, คเร, มแรกของโลก, นท, เ. xarythrrmlumaemnasinthu xngkvs Indus Valley Civilisation IVC epnxarythrrmyukhsmridinphumiphakhtawntkechiyngehnuxkhxngexechiyit darngxyutngaetraw 3300 BCE thung 1300 BCE aelayingihythisudinchwngpi 2600 BCE thung 1900 BCE 1 a xarythrrmlumaemnasinthu xiyiptobran aela emosopetemiy epnsamxarythrrmyukherimaerkkhxngolk phunthithiekhyepnxarythrrmlumaemnasinthunninpccubnxyuinphunthikhxngpraethsxfkanisthan swnihykhxngpraethspakisthan aelathangtawntkthungtawntkechiyngehnuxkhxngpraethsxinediy 2 b xarythrrmniecriyrungeruxngxyubnthilumrimaemnasinthusungihlphantlxdpraethspakisthanaelarabbaemnathiminatlxdthngpi sungswnihyidnacakmrsum aelaaemnatamvdukal aemnakakkar hakra 1 3 xarythrrmlumaemnasinthuphumiphakhthirablumaemnasinthu praethspakisthan aelatamvdukalsahrbaemnakakkar hakra tawntkechiyngehnuxkhxngpraethsxinediyaelatawnxxkkhxngpakisthansmyyukhsaridinexechiyitchwngewlap 3300 1300 BCEaehlngobrankhditnaebbharppaaehlngobrankhdisakhyharppa omehnoc daor 27 19 45 N 68 08 20 E 27 32917 N 68 13889 E 27 32917 68 13889 phikdphumisastr 27 19 45 N 68 08 20 E 27 32917 N 68 13889 E 27 32917 68 13889 othlwira khenriwla and Rakhigarhikxnhnaemhrkhrhthdipwthnthrrmphachnathasiethawthnthrrmsusanthiexchsakxarythrrmthikhudkhnkhxngomehnocdaor inaekhwnsinth praethspakisthan inphaphkhuxorngxabnaihy khxngelncakharppa xayuraw c 2500 BCE emuxngtang khxngxarythrrmepnthiruckinthanaemuxngthimikarwangphngemuxng banthisrangcakxithxb rabbrabaynaaelachlprathanthisbsxn klumkhxngxakharthiimichephuxkarxyuxasy aelawithikarihm inhtthkrrm phlitphnthcakkhareneliynaelakarslktraprathb aelakhwamsamarthinkaraeykolhaxxkcakaer thxngaedng sarid takw dibuk 4 emuxngihysxngaehngkhxngxarythrrmkhuxomehnoc daor aela harppa epnipidwamiprachakrmakthung 30 000 aela 60 000 khn 5 c aelainchwngewlarungeruxngsungsudxacmiprachakrmakthunghnungthunghalankhn 6 d hmayehtu aekikh Wright Mesopotamia and Egypt co existed with the Indus civilization during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 BC 1 Wright The Indus civilisation is one of three in the Ancient East that along with Mesopotamia and Pharaonic Egypt was a cradle of early civilisation in the Old World Childe 1950 Mesopotamia and Egypt were longer lived but coexisted with Indus civilisation during its florescence between 2600 and 1900 B C Of the three the Indus was the most expansive extending from today s northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and India 2 Dyson Mohenjo daro and Harappa may each have contained between 30 000 and 60 000 people perhaps more in the former case Water transport was crucial for the provisioning of these and other cities That said the vast majority of people lived in rural areas At the height of the Indus valley civilization the subcontinent may have contained 4 6 million people 5 McIntosh The enormous potential of the greater Indus region offered scope for huge population increase by the end of the Mature Harappan period the Harappans are estimated to have numbered somewhere between 1 and 5 million probably well below the region s carrying capacity 6 xangxing aekikh 1 0 1 1 1 2 Wright 2009 p 1 2 0 2 1 Wright 2009 Giosan et al 2012 Wright 2009 pp 115 125 5 0 5 1 Dyson 2018 p 29 6 0 6 1 McIntosh 2008 p 187 brrnanukrm aekikh Allchin Bridget 1997 Origins of a Civilization The Prehistory and Early Archaeology of South Asia New York Viking CS1 maint ref harv link Allchin Raymond b k 1995 The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia The Emergence of Cities and States New York Cambridge University Press CS1 maint ref harv link Aronovsky Ilona Gopinath Sujata 2005 The Indus Valley Chicago Heinemann CS1 maint ref harv link Bar Matthews Miryam Ayalon Avner 2011 Mid Holocene climate variations revealed by high resolution speleothem records from Soreq Cave Israel and their 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phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y chromosome haplogroup R1a European Journal of Human Genetics 23 1 124 131 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2014 50 ISSN 1018 4813 PMC 4266736 PMID 24667786 Underhill Peter A aelakhna 2015 The phylogenetic amp geographic structure of Y chromosome haplogroup R1a European Journal of Human Genetics 23 124 131 doi 10 1038 ejhg 2014 50 PMC 4266736 PMID 24667786 Wells R S 2001 The Eurasian Heartland A continental perspective on Y chromosome diversity Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 18 10244 10249 Bibcode 2001PNAS 9810244W doi 10 1073 pnas 171305098 PMC 56946 PMID 11526236 Willey Phillips 1958 Method and Theory in American Archaeology Witzel Michael February 2000 The Languages of Harappa PDF Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies CS1 maint ref harv link Wright Rita P 2009 The Ancient Indus Urbanism Economy and Society Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 57219 4 subkhnemux 29 September 2013 khxmmxns miphaphaelasuxekiywkb xarythrrmlumaemnasinthuekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title xarythrrmlumaemnasinthu amp oldid 9517828, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,

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