เวกเตอร, งก, ามภาษา, ในบทความน, ไว, ให, านและผ, วมแก, ไขบทความศ, กษาเพ, มเต, มโดยสะดวก, เน, องจากว, เด, ยภาษาไทยย, งไม, บทความด, งกล, าว, กระน, ควรร, บสร, างเป, นบทความโดยเร, วท, ดในทฤษฎ, มพ, ทธภาพ, four, vector, เป, นเวกเตอร, ในปร, เวกเตอร, เหน, อฟ, ลด, ของจำ. lingkkhamphasa inbthkhwamni miiwihphuxanaelaphurwmaekikhbthkhwamsuksaephimetimodysadwk enuxngcakwikiphiediyphasaithyyngimmibthkhwamdngklaw krann khwrribsrangepnbthkhwamodyerwthisudinthvsdismphththphaph ewketxrsimiti four vector epnewketxrinpriphumiewketxrehnuxfildkhxngcanwncringin 4 miti sungpriphumiewketxrdngklawruckkninnam priphumimingkhxfski Minkowski space phayitkaraeplngphikd coordinate transformation echn karhmunin 3 miti spatial rotations aela karbust boosts karepliyncakkrxbxangxingechuxyedimipsukrxbxangxingechuxyihmthimikhwamerwkhngthismphththkn xngkhprakxb components khxngewketxrsimiticamikaraeplngechnediywkbphikdxwkasaelaewla t x y z displaystyle left t x y z right estkhxngkarhmunaelakarbustdngklaw eriykrwm wa 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mu eta mu nu y nu left begin matrix x 0 amp x 1 amp x 2 amp x 3 end matrix right left begin matrix 1 amp 0 amp 0 amp 0 0 amp 1 amp 0 amp 0 0 amp 0 amp 1 amp 0 0 amp 0 amp 0 amp 1 end matrix right left begin matrix y 0 y 1 y 2 y 3 end matrix right x 0 y 0 x 1 y 1 x 2 y 2 x 3 y 3 displaystyle left x 0 y 0 x 1 y 1 x 2 y 2 x 3 y 3 right emux h displaystyle left eta right epn emtrikmingkhxfski Minkowski metric bangkhrngkeriykphlkhunphayinniwa phlkhunphayinmingkhxfski Minkowski inner product ewketxrsimitixacthukcaaenkxxkepn 3 praephthkhux sepsilkh spacelike ithmilkh timelike aela nl lightlike hrux null odyewketxrsimitiaebb sepsilkh spacelike 4 vector ithmilkh timelike 4 vector aela nl lightlike 4 vector hrux null 4 vector camiphlkhunphayinmakkwasuny nxykwasuny aelaethakbsuny tamladbtwxyangkhxngewketxrsimitiinwichaphlsastr aekikhd t d t 1 g displaystyle frac mathrm d tau mathrm d t frac 1 gamma emux g displaystyle left gamma right khuxaefketxraekmma gamma factor khxngthvsdismphththphaph bangthikeriykwaaefketxrolernts Lorentz factor ewketxrsimitithisakhy inthvsdismphththphaph kechn ewketxrkhwamerwsimiti four velocity thukkahndody U d d t x d t d t d d t x g c g u displaystyle mathsf U frac mathrm d mathrm d tau mathsf x frac mathrm d t mathrm d tau frac mathrm d mathrm d t mathsf x left gamma c gamma mathbf u right hrux U m d d t x m d t d t d d t x m g c g u i displaystyle left U mu right frac mathrm d mathrm d tau left x mu right frac mathrm d t mathrm d tau frac mathrm d mathrm d t left x mu right left gamma c gamma u i right emux u i d x i d t displaystyle u i frac mathrm d x i mathrm d t sahrb i 1 2 3 displaystyle left i 1 2 3 right sngektwa U U U m U m c 2 displaystyle mathsf U cdot mathsf U U mu U mu c 2 ewketxrkhwamerngsimiti four acceleration thukkahndody A d d t U d 2 d t 2 x g g c g g u g 2 u displaystyle mathsf A frac mathrm d mathrm d tau mathsf U frac mathrm d 2 mathrm d tau 2 mathsf x left gamma dot gamma c gamma dot gamma mathbf u gamma 2 mathbf dot u right hrux A m d d t U m d 2 d t 2 x m g g c g g u i g 2 u i displaystyle left A mu right frac mathrm d mathrm d tau left U mu right frac mathrm d 2 mathrm d tau 2 left x mu right left gamma dot gamma c gamma dot gamma u i gamma 2 dot u i right sngektwaewketxrkhwamerngsimititngchakkbewketxrkhwamerwsimitikhux A U displaystyle mathsf A perp mathsf U A U A m U m 0 displaystyle mathsf A cdot mathsf U A mu U mu 0 ewketxromemntmsimiti four momentum thukkahndody P m U g m c g m u g m c p displaystyle mathsf P m mathsf U left gamma mc gamma m mathbf u right left gamma mc mathbf p right hrux P m m U m g m c g m u i g m c p i displaystyle left P mu right m left U mu right left gamma mc gamma mu i right left gamma mc p i right emux m displaystyle left m right khuxmwlkhxngxnuphakh aela p g m u displaystyle mathbf p gamma m mathbf u khuxomemntmkhxngxnuphakhewketxraerngsimiti four force thukkahndody F d P d t m A g g m c g f displaystyle mathsf F frac mathrm d mathsf P mathrm d tau m mathsf A left gamma dot gamma mc gamma mathbf f right hrux F m d d t P m m A m g g m c g f displaystyle left F mu right frac mathrm d mathrm d tau left P mu right m left A mu right left gamma dot gamma mc gamma mathbf f right emux f m g u m g u d d t g m u d p d t displaystyle mathbf f equiv m dot gamma mathbf u m gamma mathbf dot u frac mathrm d mathrm d t gamma m mathbf u frac mathrm d mathbf p mathrm d t epnaerngthikrathatxxnuphakh Deriving E mc2 aekikh erasamarthekhiynsmkarkhxngphlngnganthnghmdkhxngxnuphakhiddngtxipni phlngngancln K khxngxnuphakhniyaminaebbkhlasikiddngni d K d t f u displaystyle frac dK dt mathbf f cdot mathbf u twxyangkhxngewketxrsimitiinwichaaemehlkiffa aekikhtwxyangkhxngewketxrsimitiinwichaaemehlkiffa Electromagnetism echnewketxrkhwamhnaaennkraaessimiti four current kahndody J J m r c j displaystyle mathsf J left J mu right left rho c mathbf j right sungsrangcak khwamhnaaennkraaes current density j displaystyle mathbf j aela khwamhnaaennpracu charge density r displaystyle left rho right ewketxrskyaemehlkiffasimiti electromagnetic four potential kahndody A A m f c A displaystyle mathsf A left A mu right left frac varphi c mathbf A right sungsrangcak skyewketxr vector potential A displaystyle mathbf A aela skyseklar scalar potential f displaystyle varphi khlunaemehlkiffaranab plane electromagnetic wave samarthbrryayidody ewketxrkhwamthisimiti four frequency dngni N N m n n n displaystyle mathsf N left N mu right left nu nu hat mathbf n right emux n displaystyle left nu right epnkhwamthi frequency khxngkhlun aela n displaystyle hat mathbf n epnewketxrhnunghnwysungchiinthiskarekhluxnthikhxngkhlun sngektwa N N N m N m n 2 n 2 1 0 displaystyle mathsf N cdot mathsf N N mu N mu nu 2 left n 2 1 right 0 dngnnewketxrkhwamthisimiti four frequency caminxrmepnsunyesmx eriykewketxrsimitiaebbniwa null vectorxangxing aekikhFour vector wikiphiediy phasaxngkvs Rindler W Introduction to Special Relativity 2nd edn 1991 Clarendon Press Oxford ISBN 0 19 853952 5 thvsdismphththphaphthwipaelaexkphphwithya ody nvththi pidkrchtduephim aekikhkhwamerwsimiti four velocity khwamerngsimiti four acceleration omemntmsimiti four momentum aerngsimiti four force khwamhnaaennkraaessimiti four current skyaemehlkiffasimiti electromagnetic four potential bthkhwamekiywkbfisiksniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodyephimkhxmul duephimthi sthaniyxy fisiksekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title ewketxrsimiti amp oldid 9348261, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,