Beck, Roger (2002-07-20). "Mithraism". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2011-03-14. The term "Mithraism" is of course a modern coinage. In antiquity the cult was known as "the mysteries of Mithras"; alternatively, as "the mysteries of the Persians." ... The Mithraists, who were manifestly not Persians in any ethnic sense, thought of themselves as cultic "Persians." ... the ancient Roman Mithraists themselves were convinced that their cult was founded by none other than Zoroaster, who "dedicated to Mithras, the creator and father of all, a cave in the mountains bordering Persia," an idyllic setting "abounding in flowers and springs of water" (Porphyry, On the Cave of the Nymphs 6).
Geden, A. S. (15 October 2004). Select Passages Illustrating Mithraism 1925. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 51–. ISBN978-1-4179-8229-5. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 March 2011. Porphyry moreover seems to be the only writer who makes reference to women initiates into the service and rites of Mithra, and his allusion is perhaps due to a misunderstanding.... The participation of women in the ritual was not unknown in the Eastern cults, but the predominant military influence in Mithraism seems to render it unlikely in this instance.
M. Clauss, The Roman cult of Mithras, p. 42: "That the hand-shaken might make their vows joyfully forever"
↑ Lewis M. Hopfe, "Archaeological indications on the origins of Roman Mithraism", in Lewis M. Hopfe (ed). Uncovering ancient stones: essays in memory of H. Neil Richardson, Eisenbrauns (1994), pp. 147-158. p. 156: "Beyond these three Mithraea [in Syria and Palestine], there are only a handful of objects from Syria that may be identified with Mithraism. Archaeological evidence of Mithraism in Syria is therefore in marked contrast to the abundance of Mithraea and materials that have been located in the rest of the Roman Empire. Both the frequency and the quality of Mithraic materials is greater in the rest of the empire. Even on the western frontier in Britain, archaeology has produced rich Mithraic materials, such as those found at Walbrook. If one accepts Cumont’s theory that Mithraism began in Iran, moved west through Babylon to Asia Minor, and then to Rome, one would expect that the cult left its traces in those locations. Instead, archaeology indicates that Roman Mithraism had its epicenter in Rome. Wherever its ultimate place of origin may have been, the fully developed religion known as Mithraism seems to have begun in Rome and been carried to Syria by soldiers and merchants. None of the Mithraic materials or temples in Roman Syria except the Commagene sculpture bears any date earlier than the late first or early second century. [footnote in cited text: 30. Mithras, identified with a Phrygian cap and the nimbus about his head, is depicted in colossal statuary erected by King Antiochus I of Commagene, 69-34 BCE. (see Vermaseren, CIMRM 1.53-56). However, there are no other literary or archaeological evidences to indicate that the religion of Mithras as it was known among the Romans in the second to fourth centuries AD was practiced in Commagene]. While little can be proved from silence, it seems that the relative lack of archaeological evidence from Roman Syria would argue against the traditional theories for the origins of Mithraism."
Clauss, M., The Roman cult of Mithras, pages 26 and 27.
Hopfe, Lewis M.; Richardson, Henry Neil (September 1994). "Archaeological Indications on the Origins of Roman Mithraism". ใน Lewis M. Hopfe (บ.ก.). Uncovering ancient stones: essays in memory of H. Neil Richardson. Eisenbrauns. pp. 147–. ISBN978-0-931464-73-7. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 March 2011. Today more than four hundred locations of Mithraic worship have been identified in every area of the Roman Empire. Mithraea have been found as far west as Britain and as far east as Dura Europas. Between the second and fourth centuries C.E. Mithraism may have vied with Christianity for domination of the Roman world.
Martin, Luther H.; Beck, Roger (December 30, 2004). "Foreword". Beck on Mithraism: Collected Works With New Essays. Ashgate Publishing. pp. xiii. ISBN978-0-7546-4081-3. However, the cult was vigorously opposed by Christian polemicists, especially by Justin and Tertullian, because of perceived similarities between it and early Christianity. And with the anti-pagan decrees of the Christian emperor Theodosius during the final decade of the fourth century, Mithraism disappeared from the history of religions as a viable religious practice.
สิงหาคม 06, 2021
ศาสนาม, ถรา, งกฤษ, mithraism, เป, นศาสนาหร, อความเช, อล, กล, บร, ปแบบหน, งของชาวโรม, เช, อว, าม, พระเจ, าเพ, ยงองค, เด, ยวค, อม, ทร, mithras, งได, บอ, ทธ, พลจากเทพม, ถรา, mithra, งเป, นเพ, ยงเทพเจ, าองค, หน, งในศาสนาโซโรอ, สเตอร, ของชาวเปอร, เซ, ยโดยร, บผ, านช. sasnamithra xngkvs Mithraism epnsasnahruxkhwamechuxluklbrupaebbhnungkhxngchawormn 1 echuxwamiphraecaephiyngxngkhediywkhuxmithrs Mithras sungidrbxiththiphlcakethphmithra Mithra sungepnephiyngethphecaxngkhhnunginsasnaosorxsetxrkhxngchawepxresiyodyrbphanchawkrik aetemuxmasudinaednyuorp mithraidklayepnethphthioddednaelaidrbkarnbthuxepnkarcaephaa aesdngihehnthungkhwamsmphnthrahwangepxresiyaelakrik ormn 2 sasnamithraepnthiniyminhmuthharormnchwngkhriststwrrsthi 1 thungkhriststwrrsthi 4 3 phaphaebbpunepiykinsasnsthanaehnghnunginemuxngmarion praethsxitali epnphaphmithrstxsukbww phuthiephingekharbsasnamithracatxngphanphithikrrmsbsxnecdkhntxnaelamiphithikrrmrbprathanxaharrwmkn phurbechuxihmcaeriyktnexngwa sinedsixxy syndexioi aeplwa rwmkndwykarcbmux 4 phwkekhacaphbpakninsasnsthanthixyuinitdineriykwa miethriyexiy mithraea pccubnsasnsthanehlaniynghlngehluxxyuhlayaehng khadwasunyklangthangsasnatngxyuinorm 5 sasnamithraaephrhlaymakthangfngtawntkkhxngckrwrrdi itsudthiormnaexfrikaaelanumiediy tawntksudthiormnbrietn 6 aelatawnxxksudthiormnsieriy 5 sasnamithrathuxepnsasnakhuaekhngkbsasnakhristinyukhtn thwakhriststwrrsthi 4 phuthinbthuxsasnamithraephchiykbkarpraharodykhristsasnikchn 7 thisudsasnamithrakthukprabpramaelathukkacdxxkipcakckrwrrdiinchwngthaykhxngstwrrsdngklaw 8 xangxing aekikh khmkvch xuyetkekhng 4 mkrakhm 2561 khristmas khristsmphph mtichnxxniln subkhnemux 4 tulakhm 2562 Check date values in accessdate date help Beck Roger 2002 07 20 Mithraism Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Edition subkhnemux 2011 03 14 The term Mithraism is of course a modern coinage In antiquity the cult was known as the mysteries of Mithras alternatively as the mysteries of the Persians The Mithraists who were manifestly not Persians in any ethnic sense thought of themselves as cultic Persians the ancient Roman Mithraists themselves were convinced that their cult was founded by none other than Zoroaster who dedicated to Mithras the creator and father of all a cave in the mountains bordering Persia an idyllic setting abounding in flowers and springs of water Porphyry On the Cave of the Nymphs 6 Geden A S 15 October 2004 Select Passages Illustrating Mithraism 1925 Kessinger Publishing pp 51 ISBN 978 1 4179 8229 5 subkhnemux 28 March 2011 Porphyry moreover seems to be the only writer who makes reference to women initiates into the service and rites of Mithra and his allusion is perhaps due to a misunderstanding The participation of women in the ritual was not unknown in the Eastern cults but the predominant military influence in Mithraism seems to render it unlikely in this instance M Clauss The Roman cult of Mithras p 42 That the hand shaken might make their vows joyfully forever 5 0 5 1 Lewis M Hopfe Archaeological indications on the origins of Roman Mithraism in Lewis M Hopfe ed Uncovering ancient stones essays in memory of H Neil Richardson Eisenbrauns 1994 pp 147 158 p 156 Beyond these three Mithraea in Syria and Palestine there are only a handful of objects from Syria that may be identified with Mithraism Archaeological evidence of Mithraism in Syria is therefore in marked contrast to the abundance of Mithraea and materials that have been located in the rest of the Roman Empire Both the frequency and the quality of Mithraic materials is greater in the rest of the empire Even on the western frontier in Britain archaeology has produced rich Mithraic materials such as those found at Walbrook If one accepts Cumont s theory that Mithraism began in Iran moved west through Babylon to Asia Minor and then to Rome one would expect that the cult left its traces in those locations Instead archaeology indicates that Roman Mithraism had its epicenter in Rome Wherever its ultimate place of origin may have been the fully developed religion known as Mithraism seems to have begun in Rome and been carried to Syria by soldiers and merchants None of the Mithraic materials or temples in Roman Syria except the Commagene sculpture bears any date earlier than the late first or early second century footnote in cited text 30 Mithras identified with a Phrygian cap and the nimbus about his head is depicted in colossal statuary erected by King Antiochus I of Commagene 69 34 BCE see Vermaseren CIMRM 1 53 56 However there are no other literary or archaeological evidences to indicate that the religion of Mithras as it was known among the Romans in the second to fourth centuries AD was practiced in Commagene While little can be proved from silence it seems that the relative lack of archaeological evidence from Roman Syria would argue against the traditional theories for the origins of Mithraism Clauss M The Roman cult of Mithras pages 26 and 27 Hopfe Lewis M Richardson Henry Neil September 1994 Archaeological Indications on the Origins of Roman Mithraism in Lewis M Hopfe b k Uncovering ancient stones essays in memory of H Neil Richardson Eisenbrauns pp 147 ISBN 978 0 931464 73 7 subkhnemux 19 March 2011 Today more than four hundred locations of Mithraic worship have been identified in every area of the Roman Empire Mithraea have been found as far west as Britain and as far east as Dura Europas Between the second and fourth centuries C E Mithraism may have vied with Christianity for domination of the Roman world Martin Luther H Beck Roger December 30 2004 Foreword Beck on Mithraism Collected Works With New Essays Ashgate Publishing pp xiii ISBN 978 0 7546 4081 3 However the cult was vigorously opposed by Christian polemicists especially by Justin and Tertullian because of perceived similarities between it and early Christianity And with the anti pagan decrees of the Christian emperor Theodosius during the final decade of the fourth century Mithraism disappeared from the history of religions as a viable religious practice ekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title sasnamithra amp oldid 9355673, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,
