การพิสูจน์ข้อสรุปนี้ขึ้นอยู่กับทั้งความจริงของข้อตั้ง และความสมเหตุสมผล (validity (logic)) ของการอ้างเหตุผล นอกจากนั้น เราต้องการข้อมูลเกี่ยวกับความหมายของข้อตั้งเพิ่มเติมเพื่อพิจารณาว่าความหมายเต็มของข้อสรุปตรงกับ [ข้อสรุปที่ได้มา] ไหม (Instead, further information is required over and above the meaning of the premise to determine if the full meaning of the conclusion coincides with what is [the conclusion].)
Audi, Robert, บ.ก. (1999). The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN0-521-63136-X. Argument: a sequence of statements such that some of them (the premises) purport to give reasons to accept another of them, the conclusion
Gullberg, Jan (1997). Mathematics : From the Birth of Numbers. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 216. ISBN0-393-04002-X.
Byrne, Patrick Hugh (1997). Analysis and Science in Aristotle. New York: State University of New York Press. p. 43. ISBN0791433218.
Ryan, John (2018). Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy, Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: CUA Press. p. 178. ISBN9780813231129.
Potts, Robert (1864). Euclid's Elements of Geometry, Book 1. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. p. 50.
↑ Luckhardt, C. Grant; Bechtel, William (1994). How to Do Things with Logic. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. p. 13. ISBN0805800751.
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