โสรัจจ์ หงศ์ลดารมภ์. ตรรกวิทยาสัญลักษณ์. กรุงเทพฯ : สำนักพิมพ์จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิยาลัย, 2564. ISBN 9789740340010
สิงหาคม 08, 2021
วบ, งปร, มาณสำหร, บท, กต, ในตรรกศาสตร, เช, งพ, จน, งกฤษ, universal, quantifier, หร, วบ, งปร, มาณแบบท, งหมด, เป, นหน, งในต, วบ, งปร, มาณ, งใช, แทนคำว, สำหร, ใดๆ, หร, ฟอร, ออล, หมายความว, าภาคแสดงน, นเป, นจร, งสำหร, บสมาช, กใด, ในโดเมน, หร, อก, สมาช, กท, กต, วใน. intrrksastrechingphisucn twbngprimansahrbthuktw xngkvs Universal quantifier hrux twbngprimanaebbthnghmd epnhnungintwbngpriman sungichaethnkhawa sahrb id hrux fxrxxl hmaykhwamwaphakhaesdngnnepncringsahrbsmachikid inodemn hruxkkhux smachikthuktwinodemnnn sxdkhlxngkbenguxnikhthikahndsylksntwbngprimansahrbthuktw karbngprimansahrbthuktw caekhiynaethndwysylksn rwmkbtwaepr echn x x hruxbangthiekhiyn x aebbodd caaethnkhxkhwamthiwa sahrb x id hrux sahrbthuk xtwbngprimansahrbthuktwaetktangcaktwbngprimansahrbtwmicring sungcaichechphaasmachikinodemnxyangnxythisudhnungtwethann duhwkhxihythitwbngpriman rhskhxngsylksnniinrabbyuniokhdkhux U 2200 for all aela forall inrabb LaTeX enuxha 1 phunthan 1 1 duephim 2 smbti 2 1 karniesth 2 2 twechuxmxun 2 3 kdkarxnumankhxngtwbngprimansahrbthuktw 2 4 estwang 3 karpidaebbthnghmd 4 nythwipkhxngtwbngprimanaebbthnghmd 5 duephim 6 xangxing 7 brrnanukrmphunthan aekikherathrabkndiwakhxkhwamdanlangnicring 2 0 0 0 displaystyle 2 cdot 0 0 0 aela 2 1 1 1 displaystyle 2 cdot 1 1 1 aela 2 2 2 2 displaystyle 2 cdot 2 2 2 epnechnniiperuxy khxkhwamniduehmuxncapraphcnthixasykarechuxmechingtrrksastrechuxmpraphcnekhadwykn ephraamikarich aela aebbsa aetxyangirkdi wlithiwa epnechnniiperuxy immikhwamhmayinrabbtrrksastrrupnyid khxkhwamdngklawcatxngekhiynihmepn n n N 2 n n n displaystyle forall n n in mathbb N 2 cdot n n n khxkhwamthiekhiynihmkhangtnepnsutrthicddiaelwinrabbtrrksastrxndbhnung xiknyhnungkhux sutrthiekhiynnnmikhwamhmayruppraoykhkhangtncardkummakkwapraphcnaerk ephraawa thungaemeraxactikhwamwli epnechnniiperuxy warwmexaechphaacanwnthrrmchatiethann aetthaihekidkhwamkakwmaelaimrdkum karichtwbngprimansahrbthuktwrwmkbkarrabuexkphphsmphththecaacngthungcanwnthrrmchatiodyechphaacardkumkwapraphcnniepncring ephraawa emuxeraaethnkha n displaystyle n dwycanwnthrrmchatiid aelw phakhaesdng 2 n n n displaystyle 2 cdot n n n caepncringtwxyangthdip phicarnapraphcn n n N 2 n gt 2 n displaystyle forall n n in mathbb N 2 cdot n gt 2 n sungepnethc ephraatha n displaystyle n thukaethnthidwy 1 phakhaesdngdanhlngkcaklayepn 2 1 gt 2 1 displaystyle 2 cdot 1 gt 2 1 sungepnethc canwnthrrmchatiswnihyepniptamenguxnikhnikcring aetaekhmitwidtwhnungthaihenguxnikhniepnethc sahrbtwbngprimanaebbthnghmd kmakphxthicaphisucnwaenguxnikhdngklawepnethcaetinthangtrngknkham hakphicarnaechphaa n displaystyle n id thiepncanwnprakxb praphcnkhangtncaklayepncringthnthi niaesdngihehnwakarrabuexkphphsmphthththiichinkarphicarnaepneruxngsakhy xnung erasamarthichenguxnikhechingtrrksastrekhamaephuxepliynexkphphsmphththkhxngpraphcnid twxyangechn khxkhwamthiwa sahrbcanwnprakxb n displaystyle n id eracaidwa 2 n gt 2 n displaystyle 2 cdot n gt 2 n smmulkb sahrbcanwnthrrmchati n displaystyle n id tha n displaystyle n epncanwnprakxb aelweracaidwa 2 n gt 2 n displaystyle 2 cdot n gt 2 n duephim aekikh intrrksastrxndbhnung sylksntwbngpriman displaystyle forall tw A klbhwinfxnttrakul Sans Seri yuniokhd U 2200 ichaethntwbngprimansahrbthuktw ekxrharth eknthesnepnkhnaerkthiichsylksnniinpi kh s 1935twbngpramansahrbthuktw caichidktxemuxrabutwaeprkhxngtwbngpriman aelatamhlngdwyphakhaesdngethann nnkhux tha P n displaystyle P n epnphakhaesdng aela x displaystyle x epntwaepr aelw x P x displaystyle forall x P x caepnsutrthicddiaelwinrabbtrrksastrxndbhnung inhlay khrngeralakarekhiynwngelbehluxephiyng x P x displaystyle forall xP x aethnnxkcakni erasamarthrabuexkphphsmphththkhxngtwaepridodykahndih x A P x displaystyle forall x in A P x hrux x x A P x displaystyle forall x colon x in A P x aethnpraphcn x x A P x displaystyle forall x x in A implies P x twxyangechn hakkahndih P n displaystyle P n aethnphakhaesdng 2 n gt 2 n displaystyle 2 cdot n gt 2 n aela N displaystyle mathbb N epnestkhxngcanwnthrrmchati aelw n N P n displaystyle forall n in mathbb N P n sungkkhux n N 2 n gt 2 n displaystyle forall n in mathbb N 2 cdot n gt 2 n caepnsutrthicddiaelw sungepnethc echnkn hakkahnd Q n displaystyle Q n aethnphakhaesdng n displaystyle n epncanwnprakxb aelw n N Q n P n displaystyle forall n in mathbb N Q n rightarrow P n epnsutrthicddiaelw sungepncring smbti aekikhkarniesth aekikh fngkchnpraphcnhruxphakhaesdngemuxrabutwbngprimanphrxmkbtwaepr aelwcaepnpraphcn dngnn fngkchnthimitwbngprimankminiesthid swnihysylksnaethnkarniesthich displaystyle neg xnung xacichtwhnxn aethntwxyangechn tha P x displaystyle P x epnphakhaesdngaethnpraoykhthiwa x aetngnganaelw aelakahndexkphphsmphthth X displaystyle mathbf X khuxestkhxngmnusythukkhnkhxkhwamthiwa mnusythukkhnaetngnganaelw casamarthekhiynaethniddwy x X P x displaystyle forall x in mathbf X P x sungcaehnidchdwapraphcnniepnethcxyangaennxn ephraachannniesthkhxngpraphcnnitxngepncring sungkkhux x X P x displaystyle lnot forall x in mathbf X P x epncringthakhxkhwamthiwa mnusythukkhnaetngnganaelw imcring aelaemuxexkphphsmphththimichestwang catxngidwamikhnxyangnxyhnungkhnthiyngimaetngngan sungthaihphakhaesdngepnethc dngnn niesthkhxng x X P x displaystyle forall x in mathbf X P x casmmulkb mi x epnmnusybangkhnthiyngimidaetngngan sungkkhuxpraphcnthiwa x X P x displaystyle exists x in mathbf X lnot P x odynythwipaelw niesthkhxngtwbngprimanaebbthnghmd khuxtwbngprimanaebbbangtw aelasmmulkntamenguxnikhdngni x X P x x X P x displaystyle lnot forall x in mathbf X P x equiv exists x in mathbf X lnot P x khxkhwrrawngkhux praoykh thukkhnyngimidaetngngan hrux immiikhrelythiaetngnganaelw mikhwamhmayaetktangcak imichthukkhnthiaetngnganaelw hrux mikhnthiyngimidaetngngan hruxkkhux x X P x x X P x x X P x x X P x displaystyle lnot forall x in mathbf X P x equiv exists x in mathbf X lnot P x not equiv lnot exists x in mathbf X P x equiv forall x in mathbf X lnot P x twechuxmxun aekikh twbngprimanaebbthnghmd aelabangtw emuxichtwechuxmthangtrrksastr aela emuxslbtaaehnng twbngprimancaimepliynip xathi P x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y displaystyle P x land exists y in mathbf Y Q y equiv exists y in mathbf Y P x land Q y P x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y p r o v i d e d t h a t Y displaystyle P x lor exists y in mathbf Y Q y equiv exists y in mathbf Y P x lor Q y mathrm provided that mathbf Y neq emptyset P x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y p r o v i d e d t h a t Y displaystyle P x to exists y in mathbf Y Q y equiv exists y in mathbf Y P x to Q y mathrm provided that mathbf Y neq emptyset P x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y displaystyle P x nleftarrow exists y in mathbf Y Q y equiv exists y in mathbf Y P x nleftarrow Q y P x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y p r o v i d e d t h a t Y displaystyle P x land forall y in mathbf Y Q y equiv forall y in mathbf Y P x land Q y mathrm provided that mathbf Y neq emptyset P x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y displaystyle P x lor forall y in mathbf Y Q y equiv forall y in mathbf Y P x lor Q y P x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y displaystyle P x to forall y in mathbf Y Q y equiv forall y in mathbf Y P x to Q y P x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y p r o v i d e d t h a t Y displaystyle P x nleftarrow forall y in mathbf Y Q y equiv forall y in mathbf Y P x nleftarrow Q y mathrm provided that mathbf Y neq emptyset inthangtrngknkham emuxepn aela twbngprimancaepliynipP x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y displaystyle P x uparrow exists y in mathbf Y Q y equiv forall y in mathbf Y P x uparrow Q y P x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y p r o v i d e d t h a t Y displaystyle P x downarrow exists y in mathbf Y Q y equiv forall y in mathbf Y P x downarrow Q y mathrm provided that mathbf Y neq emptyset P x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y p r o v i d e d t h a t Y displaystyle P x nrightarrow exists y in mathbf Y Q y equiv forall y in mathbf Y P x nrightarrow Q y mathrm provided that mathbf Y neq emptyset P x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y displaystyle P x gets exists y in mathbf Y Q y equiv forall y in mathbf Y P x gets Q y P x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y displaystyle P x downarrow forall y in mathbf Y Q y equiv exists y in mathbf Y P x downarrow Q y P x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y displaystyle P x nrightarrow forall y in mathbf Y Q y equiv exists y in mathbf Y P x nrightarrow Q y P x y Y Q y y Y P x Q y p r o v i d e d t h a t Y displaystyle P x gets forall y in mathbf Y Q y equiv exists y in mathbf Y P x gets Q y mathrm provided that mathbf Y neq emptyset kdkarxnumankhxngtwbngprimansahrbthuktw aekikh kdkarxnumanepnkdichsrupphlcakehtuhruxcaksmmtithan mikdkarxnumanxyuhlaykdthiichkbtwbngprimansahrbthuktwkarkahndechphaacakkarxangthnghmd 1 xngkvs Universal Instantiation klawiwwa thafngkchnkhxngpraphcnnnepnthithrabknthwipwaepncring dngnn twnncatxngepncringkbsmachikid inexkphphsmphthth hruxekhiynidinrup x X P x P c displaystyle forall x in mathbf X P x to P c emux c displaystyle c epnsmachikid inexkphphsmphththkarsrupthnghmdcakkarkahndechphaa 1 xngkvs Universal Generalization klawiwwa thafngkchnkhxngpraphcnnncatxngepncringxyangaennxn thamnepncringtxsmachikid hak c aethnsmachikkhxngexkphphsmphththid caekhiynidinrup P c x X P x displaystyle P c to forall x in mathbf X P x smachik c txngepnsmachikimecaacngid khxngexkphphsmphthth estwang aekikh odypktiaelw rupaebb x P x displaystyle forall x in emptyset P x nncaepncringesmx imwaP x displaystyle P x caepnphakhaesdngid duthikhakhwamcringwangkarpidaebbthnghmd aekikhkarpidaebbthnghmd xngkvs Universal closure khxngsutr ϕ displaystyle phi epnsutrthiimmitwaeprxisrathiidcakkaretimtwbngprimanaebbthnghmdihaektwaeprxisraid in ϕ displaystyle phi twxyangechn karpidaebbthnghmdkhxngP y x Q x z displaystyle P y land exists xQ x z khux y z P y x Q x z displaystyle forall y forall z P y land exists xQ x z nythwipkhxngtwbngprimanaebbthnghmd aekikhinthvsdiaekhthikxri aelathvsdithxphxphunthan twbngprimanaebbthnghmd epnthiekhaicodythwipwaepnaexdcxynthangkhwa Right adjoint khxngfngketxrrahwangsxngphawewxrest fngketxrphaphphkphnkhxngfngkchnrahwangsxngestmxngidkhlayknwaepntwbngprimanaebbbangtwepnaexdcxynthangsay 2 ih X displaystyle X epnestid aela P X displaystyle mathcal P X aethnphawewxrestkhxng X displaystyle X sahrbfngkchn f X Y displaystyle f X to Y id rahwangest X displaystyle X aela Y displaystyle Y camifngketxrphaphphkphn f P Y P X displaystyle f mathcal P Y to mathcal P X rahwangphawewxrest thisngsbestkhxngokhodemnkhxng f displaystyle f khunihsbestkhxngodemnkhxngtwmnexng aexdcxynthangsaykhxngfngketxrnikhuxtwbngprimanaebbbangtw f displaystyle exists f swnaexdcxyndansayepntwbngprimanaebbthuktw f displaystyle forall f nnkhux fngketxr f P X P Y displaystyle exists f colon mathcal P X to mathcal P Y epnfngketxrthisahrbest S X displaystyle S subset X id cakhunkhaepnsbest f S Y displaystyle exists f S subset Y kahndody f S y Y x X f x y x S displaystyle displaystyle exists f S y in Y exists x in X f x y quad land quad x in S nnkhux y displaystyle y xyuinximemckhxng S displaystyle S phayit f displaystyle f inthanxngediywkn fngketxr f P X P Y displaystyle forall f colon mathcal P X to mathcal P Y epnfngketxrthisahrbaetlaest S X displaystyle S subset X cakhunkhaepnsbest f S Y displaystyle forall f S subset Y kahndody f S y Y x X f x y x S displaystyle displaystyle forall f S y in Y forall x in X f x y quad implies quad x in S nnkhux y displaystyle y epnsmachikthiphriximemcphayit f displaystyle f xyuin X displaystyle X thnghmderasamarththaklbihidtwbngprimanaebbprktithiichintrrksastrxndbaerk odyih f displaystyle f khangtnepnfngkchnexklksn X 1 displaystyle displaystyle X to 1 thithaih P 1 T F displaystyle displaystyle mathcal P 1 T F epnestthimismachiksxngtwaethncringaelaethctamladb aelwsbest S epnsbestthithaih S x displaystyle S x epncring aelaP P 1 P X T X F displaystyle displaystyle begin array rl mathcal P colon mathcal P 1 amp to mathcal P X T amp mapsto X F amp mapsto end array S x S x displaystyle displaystyle exists S exists x S x caepncring hak S displaystyle S imichestwang aela S x S x displaystyle displaystyle forall S forall x S x caepnethc hak S displaystyle S imich X displaystyle X twbngprimansamarthkhyayxxkipichkbaekhthikxriphrichifidduephim aekikhraykarsylksnthiichkbtrrksastr twbngprimansahrbtwmicringxangxing aekikh 1 0 1 1 osrcc hngsldarmph 2564 https en wikipedia org wiki Universal quantification cite note 3brrnanukrm aekikhosrcc hngsldarmph trrkwithyasylksn krungethph sankphimphculalngkrnmhawiyaly 2564 ISBN 9789740340010ekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title twbngprimansahrbthuktw amp oldid 9315957, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,