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วิกิพีเดีย

กลุ่มตะวันออก

สิงหาคม 08, 2021

คำว่า กลุ่มตะวันออก (อังกฤษ: Eastern Bloc) เป็นชื่อเรียกที่หมายถึงอดีตรัฐซึ่งปกครองด้วยระบอบสังคมนิยมแบบคอมมิวนิสต์ ซึ่งส่วนใหญ่อยู่ในยุโรปตะวันออก และอาจหมายรวมถึงประเทศที่เข้าร่วมสนธิสัญญาวอร์ซอด้วยเช่นกัน คำว่า "กลุ่มตะวันออก" เป็นชื่อที่ใช้เรียกในยุคสงครามเย็น (ค.ศ. 1946 - ค.ศ. 1989) รัฐต่างๆ ที่อยู่ในโลกตะวันออกส่วนใหญ่เป็นรัฐที่ถูก สหภาพโซเวียตเข้ายึดครองในช่วงสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง

สถานการณ์ทางการเมืองของโลกตะวันออกในยุคสงครามเย็น.
โลกตะวันออกในยุคสงครามเย็น

หลังจากที่สหภาพโซเวียตล่มสลาย รัฐแต่ละรัฐที่อยู่ภายใต้การปกครองของสหภาพโซเวียตก็ได้แยกตัวตั้งตนเป็นอิสระและเปลี่ยนแปลงการปกครองจากระบอบสังคมนิยมเป็นระบอบประชาธิปไตยแทน รวมอีกทั้งประเทศเยอรมันทั้งตะวันออกและตะวันตกก็ได้รวมตัวกันเป็นหนึ่งภายหลังการทำลายกำแพงเบอร์ลิน ทำให้กลุ่มตะวันออกล่มสลาย

รัฐสมาชิก

อ้างอิง


หนังสืออ่านเพิ่มเติม

  • Applebaum, Anne (2012), Iron Curtain: the Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944-56, Allen Lane
  • Beschloss, Michael R (2003), The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-7432-6085-6
  • Berthon, Simon; Potts, Joanna (2007), Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-creation of World War II Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin, Da Capo Press, ISBN 0-306-81538-9
  • Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007), A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-36626-7
  • Böcker, Anita (1998), Regulation of Migration: International Experiences, Het Spinhuis, ISBN 90-5589-095-2
  • Brackman, Roman (2001), The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life, Frank Cass Publishers, ISBN 0-7146-5050-1
  • Cook, Bernard A. (2001), Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-8153-4057-5
  • Crampton, R. J. (1997), Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-16422-2
  • Dale, Gareth (2005), Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945–1989: Judgements on the Street, Routledge, ISBN 0714654086
  • Dowty, Alan (1989), Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-04498-4
  • Ericson, Edward E. (1999), Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-275-96337-3
  • Frucht, Richard C. (2003), Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism, Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN 0-203-80109-1
  • Gaddis, John Lewis (2005), The Cold War: A New History, Penguin Press, ISBN 1-59420-062-9
  • Goertz, Gary (1995), Contexts of International Politics, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-46972-4
  • Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005), A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-28954-8
  • Grenville, John Ashley Soames; Wasserstein, Bernard (2001), The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-415-23798-X
  • Grogin, Robert C. (2001), Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917–1991, Lexington Books, ISBN 0-7391-0160-9
  • Gorodetsky, Gabriel (2001), Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia, Yale University Press, ISBN 0300084595
  • Hardt, John Pearce; Kaufman, Richard F. (1995), East-Central European Economies in Transition, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 1-56324-612-0
  • Harrison, Hope Millard (2003), Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-09678-3
  • Krasnov, Vladislav (1985), Soviet Defectors: The KGB Wanted List, Hoover Press, ISBN 0-8179-8231-0
  • Lipschitz, Leslie; McDonald, Donogh (1990), German unification: economic issues, International Monetary Fund, ISBN 1-55775-200-1
  • Lukacs, John (2006), June 1941: Hitler and Stalin, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-11437-0
  • Maddison, Angus (2006), The world economy, OECD Publishing, ISBN 92-64-02261-9
  • Michta, Andrew A.; Mastny, Vojtech (1992), East Central Europe after the Warsaw Pact: Security Dilemmas in the 1990s, Greenwood Press, ISBN 92-64-02261-9
  • Miller, Roger Gene (2000), To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949, Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 0-89096-967-1
  • Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007), From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-86244-2
  • Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan (2001), A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-00680-1
  • Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010), Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-470-59619-7
  • Navrátil, Jaromír (2006), The Prague Spring 1968: A National Security Archive Document Reader (National Security Archive Cold War Readers), Central European University Press, ISBN 963-7326-67-7
  • Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich; Ulam, Adam Bruno; Freeze, Gregory L. (1997), Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German–Soviet Relations, 1922–1941, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-10676-9
  • O'Connor, Kevin (2003), The history of the Baltic States, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-32355-0
  • O'Neil, Patrick (1997), Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe, Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-4765-9
  • Olsen, Neil (2000), Albania, Oxfam, ISBN 0-85598-432-5
  • Overy, R. J. (2004), The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-02030-4
  • Pearson, Raymond (1998), The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire, Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-17407-1
  • Pollack, Detlef; Wielgohs, Jan (2004), Dissent and Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe: Origins of Civil Society and Democratic Transition, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., ISBN 0-7546-3790-5
  • Puddington, Arch (2003), Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 0-8131-9045-2
  • Roberts, Geoffrey (2006), Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-11204-1
  • Roberts, Geoffrey (2002), Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography, 4
  • Saxonberg, Steven (2001), The Fall: A Comparative Study of the End of Communism in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Poland, Routledge, ISBN 90-5823-097-X
  • Shirer, William L. (1990), The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-671-72868-7
  • Smith, David James; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis; Lane, Thomas (2002), The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-28580-1
  • Taagepera, Rein (1993), Estonia: Return to Independence, Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-1703-7
  • Teichova, Alice; Matis, Herbert (2003), Nation, State, and the Economy in History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79278-9
  • Tucker, Robert C. (1992), Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928–1941, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-30869-3
  • Turner, Henry Ashby (1987), The Two Germanies Since 1945: East and West, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-03865-8
  • Turnock, David (1997), The East European economy in context: communism and transition, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-08626-4
  • Wegner, Bernd (1997), From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941, Berghahn Books, ISBN 1-57181-882-0
  • Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995), A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-55879-4
  • Wettig, Gerhard (2008), Stalin and the Cold War in Europe, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-5542-9
  • Williams, Kieran (1997), The Prague Spring and its Aftermath: Czechoslovak Politics, 1968–1970, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-58803-0

แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น

  • "Photographs of Russia in 1967". คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ 31 January 2008.
  • Candid photos of the Eastern Bloc September–December 1991, in the last months of the USSR
  • Photographic project "Eastern Bloc" “Eastern Bloc” examines the specificities and differences of living in totalitarian and post totalitarian countries. The project is divided into chapters, each dedicated to one of the Eastern European countries—Slovak Republic, Poland, ex-GDR, Hungary, Czech Republic and ex-Yugoslavia.
  • RFE/RL East German Subject Files Open Society Archives, Budapest
  • The Lives of Others official website
  • RFE Czechoslovak Unit Open Society Archives, Budapest
  • Museum of occupations of Estonia – Project by the Kistler-Ritso Estonian Foundation
  • Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
  • Gallery of events from Poznań 1956 protests
  • OSA Digital Archive Videos of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution
  • RADIO FREE EUROPE Research, RAD Background Report/29: (Hungary) 20 October 1981, A CHRONOLOGY OF THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION, 23–4 October November 1956, compiled by RAD/Hungarian Section-Published accounts
  • Chronology Of Events Leading To The 1968 Czechoslovakia Invasion
  • Solidarity, Freedom and Economical Crisis in Poland, 1980–81
  • "The Berlin Airlift". American Experience. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 March 2007. – A PBS site on the context and history of the Berlin Airlift.
  • "1961 JFK speech clarifying limits of American protection during the 1961 Berlin Wall crisis". คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ 19 February 2006.
  • "Berlin 1983: Berlin and the Wall in the early 1980s". คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ 28 September 2007.
  • The Lives of Others official website
  • The Lost Border: Photographs of the Iron Curtain
  • "Symbols in Transition" Documentary film regarding the post-89 handling of the political symbols and buildings of eastern Europe
  บทความนี้ยังเป็นโครง คุณสามารถช่วยวิกิพีเดียได้โดยเพิ่มข้อมูล
  บทความเกี่ยวกับสงครามเย็นนี้ยังเป็นโครง คุณสามารถช่วยวิกิพีเดียได้โดยเพิ่มข้อมูล ดูเพิ่มที่ สถานีย่อย:สงครามเย็น

สิงหาคม 08, 2021
กล, มตะว, นออก, งก, ามภาษา, ในบทความน, ไว, ให, านและผ, วมแก, ไขบทความศ, กษาเพ, มเต, มโดยสะดวก, เน, องจากว, เด, ยภาษาไทยย, งไม, บทความด, งกล, าว, กระน, ควรร, บสร, างเป, นบทความโดยเร, วท, ดคำว, งกฤษ, eastern, bloc, เป, นช, อเร, ยกท, หมายถ, งอด, ตร, ฐซ, งปกครองด,. lingkkhamphasa inbthkhwamni miiwihphuxanaelaphurwmaekikhbthkhwamsuksaephimetimodysadwk enuxngcakwikiphiediyphasaithyyngimmibthkhwamdngklaw krann khwrribsrangepnbthkhwamodyerwthisudkhawa klumtawnxxk xngkvs Eastern Bloc epnchuxeriykthihmaythungxditrthsungpkkhrxngdwyrabxbsngkhmniymaebbkhxmmiwnist sungswnihyxyuinyuorptawnxxk aelaxachmayrwmthungpraethsthiekharwmsnthisyyawxrsxdwyechnkn khawa klumtawnxxk epnchuxthiicheriykinyukhsngkhrameyn kh s 1946 kh s 1989 rthtang thixyuinolktawnxxkswnihyepnrththithuk shphaphosewiytekhayudkhrxnginchwngsngkhramolkkhrngthisxngsthankarnthangkaremuxngkhxngolktawnxxkinyukhsngkhrameyn olktawnxxkinyukhsngkhrameyn hlngcakthishphaphosewiytlmslay rthaetlarththixyuphayitkarpkkhrxngkhxngshphaphosewiytkidaeyktwtngtnepnxisraaelaepliynaeplngkarpkkhrxngcakrabxbsngkhmniymepnrabxbprachathipityaethn rwmxikthngpraethseyxrmnthngtawnxxkaelatawntkkidrwmtwknepnhnungphayhlngkarthalaykaaephngebxrlin thaihklumtawnxxklmslay enuxha 1 rthsmachik 2 xangxing 3 hnngsuxxanephimetim 4 aehlngkhxmulxunrthsmachik aekikh shphaphosewiyt Soviet Union satharnrthprachachnopaelnd People s Republic of Poland satharnrthprachathipityeyxrmni eyxrmnitawnxxk German Democratic Republic satharnrthsngkhmniymormaeniy Socialist Republic of Romania satharnrthsngkhmniymechoksolwk Czechoslovak Socialist Republic satharnrthprachachnhngkari People s Republic of Hungary satharnrthprachachnblaekeriy People s Republic of Bulgaria satharnrthprachachnaexlebeniy People s Socialist Republic of Albania xangxing aekikhhnngsuxxanephimetim aekikhApplebaum Anne 2012 Iron Curtain the Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944 56 Allen Lane Beschloss Michael R 2003 The Conquerors Roosevelt Truman and the Destruction of Hitler s Germany 1941 1945 Simon and Schuster ISBN 0 7432 6085 6 Berthon Simon Potts Joanna 2007 Warlords An Extraordinary Re creation of World War II Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler Churchill Roosevelt and Stalin Da Capo Press ISBN 0 306 81538 9 Bideleux Robert Jeffries Ian 2007 A History of Eastern Europe Crisis and Change Routledge ISBN 0 415 36626 7 Bocker Anita 1998 Regulation of Migration International Experiences Het Spinhuis ISBN 90 5589 095 2 Brackman Roman 2001 The Secret File of Joseph Stalin A Hidden Life Frank Cass Publishers ISBN 0 7146 5050 1 Cook Bernard A 2001 Europe Since 1945 An Encyclopedia Taylor amp Francis ISBN 0 8153 4057 5 Crampton R J 1997 Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after Routledge ISBN 0 415 16422 2 Dale Gareth 2005 Popular Protest in East Germany 1945 1989 Judgements on the Street Routledge ISBN 0714654086 Dowty Alan 1989 Closed Borders The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 04498 4 Ericson Edward E 1999 Feeding the German Eagle Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany 1933 1941 Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 0 275 96337 3 Frucht Richard C 2003 Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism Taylor amp Francis Group ISBN 0 203 80109 1 Gaddis John Lewis 2005 The Cold War A New History Penguin Press ISBN 1 59420 062 9 Goertz Gary 1995 Contexts of International Politics Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 46972 4 Grenville John Ashley Soames 2005 A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century Routledge ISBN 0 415 28954 8 Grenville John Ashley Soames Wasserstein Bernard 2001 The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century A History and Guide with Texts Taylor amp Francis ISBN 0 415 23798 X Grogin Robert C 2001 Natural Enemies The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War 1917 1991 Lexington Books ISBN 0 7391 0160 9 Gorodetsky Gabriel 2001 Grand Delusion Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia Yale University Press ISBN 0300084595 Hardt John Pearce Kaufman Richard F 1995 East Central European Economies in Transition M E Sharpe ISBN 1 56324 612 0 Harrison Hope Millard 2003 Driving the Soviets Up the Wall Soviet East German Relations 1953 1961 Princeton University Press ISBN 0 691 09678 3 Krasnov Vladislav 1985 Soviet Defectors The KGB Wanted List Hoover Press ISBN 0 8179 8231 0 Lipschitz Leslie McDonald Donogh 1990 German unification economic issues International Monetary Fund ISBN 1 55775 200 1 Lukacs John 2006 June 1941 Hitler and Stalin Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 11437 0 Maddison Angus 2006 The world economy OECD Publishing ISBN 92 64 02261 9 Michta Andrew A Mastny Vojtech 1992 East Central Europe after the Warsaw Pact Security Dilemmas in the 1990s Greenwood Press ISBN 92 64 02261 9 Miller Roger Gene 2000 To Save a City The Berlin Airlift 1948 1949 Texas A amp M University Press ISBN 0 89096 967 1 Miscamble Wilson D 2007 From Roosevelt to Truman Potsdam Hiroshima and the Cold War Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 86244 2 Murray Williamson Millett Allan 2001 A War to be Won Fighting the Second World War Harvard University Press ISBN 0 674 00680 1 Myant Martin Drahokoupil Jan 2010 Transition Economies Political Economy in Russia Eastern Europe and Central Asia Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 0 470 59619 7 Navratil Jaromir 2006 The Prague Spring 1968 A National Security Archive Document Reader National Security Archive Cold War Readers Central European University Press ISBN 963 7326 67 7 Nekrich Aleksandr Moiseevich Ulam Adam Bruno Freeze Gregory L 1997 Pariahs Partners Predators German Soviet Relations 1922 1941 Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 10676 9 O Connor Kevin 2003 The history of the Baltic States Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 0 313 32355 0 O Neil Patrick 1997 Post communism and the Media in Eastern Europe Routledge ISBN 0 7146 4765 9 Olsen Neil 2000 Albania Oxfam ISBN 0 85598 432 5 Overy R J 2004 The Dictators Hitler s Germany and Stalin s Russia W W Norton amp Company ISBN 0 393 02030 4 Pearson Raymond 1998 The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire Macmillan ISBN 0 312 17407 1 Pollack Detlef Wielgohs Jan 2004 Dissent and Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe Origins of Civil Society and Democratic Transition Ashgate Publishing Ltd ISBN 0 7546 3790 5 Puddington Arch 2003 Broadcasting Freedom The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty University Press of Kentucky ISBN 0 8131 9045 2 Roberts Geoffrey 2006 Stalin s Wars From World War to Cold War 1939 1953 Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 11204 1 Roberts Geoffrey 2002 Stalin the Pact with Nazi Germany and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography 4 Saxonberg Steven 2001 The Fall A Comparative Study of the End of Communism in Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary and Poland Routledge ISBN 90 5823 097 X Shirer William L 1990 The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich A History of Nazi Germany Simon and Schuster ISBN 0 671 72868 7 Smith David James Pabriks Artis Purs Aldis Lane Thomas 2002 The Baltic States Estonia Latvia and Lithuania Routledge ISBN 0 415 28580 1 Taagepera Rein 1993 Estonia Return to Independence Westview Press ISBN 0 8133 1703 7 Teichova Alice Matis Herbert 2003 Nation State and the Economy in History Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 79278 9 Tucker Robert C 1992 Stalin in Power The Revolution from Above 1928 1941 W W Norton amp Company ISBN 0 393 30869 3 Turner Henry Ashby 1987 The Two Germanies Since 1945 East and West Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 03865 8 Turnock David 1997 The East European economy in context communism and transition Routledge ISBN 0 415 08626 4 Wegner Bernd 1997 From Peace to War Germany Soviet Russia and the World 1939 1941 Berghahn Books ISBN 1 57181 882 0 Weinberg Gerhard L 1995 A World at Arms A Global History of World War II Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 55879 4 Wettig Gerhard 2008 Stalin and the Cold War in Europe Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 0 7425 5542 9 Williams Kieran 1997 The Prague Spring and its Aftermath Czechoslovak Politics 1968 1970 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 58803 0aehlngkhxmulxun aekikh Photographs of Russia in 1967 khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 31 January 2008 Candid photos of the Eastern Bloc September December 1991 in the last months of the USSR Photographic project Eastern Bloc Eastern Bloc examines the specificities and differences of living in totalitarian and post totalitarian countries The project is divided into chapters each dedicated to one of the Eastern European countries Slovak Republic Poland ex GDR Hungary Czech Republic and ex Yugoslavia RFE RL East German Subject Files Open Society Archives Budapest The Lives of Others official website RFE Czechoslovak Unit Open Society Archives Budapest Museum of occupations of Estonia Project by the Kistler Ritso Estonian Foundation Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity Gallery of events from Poznan 1956 protests OSA Digital Archive Videos of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution RADIO FREE EUROPE Research RAD Background Report 29 Hungary 20 October 1981 A CHRONOLOGY OF THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION 23 4 October November 1956 compiled by RAD Hungarian Section Published accounts Chronology Of Events Leading To The 1968 Czechoslovakia Invasion Solidarity Freedom and Economical Crisis in Poland 1980 81 The Berlin Airlift American Experience subkhnemux 5 March 2007 A PBS site on the context and history of the Berlin Airlift 1961 JFK speech clarifying limits of American protection during the 1961 Berlin Wall crisis khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 19 February 2006 Berlin 1983 Berlin and the Wall in the early 1980s khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 28 September 2007 The Lives of Others official website The Lost Border Photographs of the Iron Curtain Symbols in Transition Documentary film regarding the post 89 handling of the political symbols and buildings of eastern Europe bthkhwamniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodyephimkhxmul bthkhwamekiywkbsngkhrameynniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodyephimkhxmul duephimthi sthaniyxy sngkhrameynekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title klumtawnxxk amp oldid 9020967, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,

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