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วิกิพีเดีย

วะฮาบีย์

วะฮาบีย์ (อาหรับ: الوهابية‎, อัลวะฮ์ฮาบิยะฮ์) เป็นกลุ่มเคลื่อนไหวทางศาสนาและลัทธิอิสลามที่ก่อตั้งโดยมุฮัมมัด อิบน์ อับดุลวะฮ์ฮาบ โดยสาวกกล่าวว่าเป็น "อนุรักษ์นิยมสุดโต่ง", "ขวาจัด" "เคร่งครัด", "มูลฐานนิยม", หรือ "พิวริแทนต์" ในฐานะ "ขบวนการปฏิรูป" อิสลาม เพื่อฟื้นฟู "การสักการะเอกเทวนิยมอันบริสุทธิ์" (เตาฮีด) ส่วนผู้ต่อต้านเรียกว่า "ขบวนการลัทธิเบี่ยงเบน", "ลัทธิเลวทราม" และผู้บิดเบือนอิสลาม คำว่าวะฮาบีย์ มักใช้โต้เถียงและสาวกทั่วไปไม่ใช้คำนี้ โดยกล่าวถึงลัทธินี้ว่า ซะละฟี หรือ มุวะฮ์ฮิด อ้างว่า เพื่อเน้นในหลักการ เตาฮีด ("ความเป็นเอกลักษณ์" และ "ความเป็นเอกภาพ" ของพระเป็นเจ้า) หรือเอกเทวนิยม โดยห้ามมุสลิมในการทำ ชิรก์ (บูชาเทวรูป)

ลัทธินี้ดำเนินตามหลักเทววิทยาของอิบน์ ตัยมียะฮ์ และมัซฮับฮันบะลี แม้ว่าส่วนน้อยของผู้นำสำนักฮันบะลีปฏิเสธมุมมองของอิบน์ อับดุลวะฮ์ฮาบ เนื่องจากอิทธิพลของออตโตมัน

วะฮาบีย์ ถูกตั้งชื่อตามมุฮัมมัด อิบน์ อับดุลวะฮ์ฮาบ (ค.ศ. 1703–1792). เขาเริ่มขบวนการปฏิรูปทั่วแคว้นนัจด์ สนับสนุนการกวาดล้างการปฏิบัติของซุนนีไปทั่ว เช่น การเคารพคนดีและการเยี่ยมเยียนสุสานของพวกเขาซึ่งทำกันอยู่ทั่วโลกอิสลาม แต่เขาถือว่าเป็นการบูชาบุคคลและเป็นสิ่งอุตตริในศาสนาอิสลาม (บิดอะฮ์)

มุสลิมทั้งซุนนีและชีอะฮ์ส่วนใหญ่ทั่วโลกปฏิเสธการตีความของวะฮาบีย์ และมุสลิมหลายคนโต้แย้งพวกเขาว่าเป็นก๊ก หรือ "ลัทธิเลวทราม" บรรดาอุละมาอ์ รวมไปถึงผู้ที่มาจากมหาวิทยาลัยอัลอัซฮัร ปรักปรำวะฮาบีย์อยู่หลายคำ เช่นคำว่า "ความศรัทธาของซาตาน" วะฮาบีย์ ถูกกล่าวหาว่าเป็น "ต้นกำเนิดของการก่อการร้ายทั่วโลก", เป็นแรงบันดาลใจแก่รัฐอิสลามอิรักและลิแวนต์ และก่อให้เกิดความแตกแยกในสังคมมุสลิม โดยการกล่าวหามุสลิมที่ไม่ยอมรับคำนิยามของวะฮาบีย์ในฐานะเอกเทวนิยมว่า พวกนอกรีต (ตักฟีร) และแสดงความบริสุทธิ์ต่อการฆ่า ลัทธินี้ถูกวิจารณ์จากการทำลายอนุสรณ์นักบุญ, สุสาน และสิ่งก่อสร้างกับโบราณวัตถุของมุสลิมและไม่ใช่มุสลิม

อ้างอิง

  1. Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof, บ.ก. (2011). "Wahhabis". Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. p. 1369. ISBN 9781452266565.
  2. "Analysis Wahhabism". PBS Frontline. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 May 2014. For more than two centuries, Wahhabism has been Saudi Arabia's dominant creed. It is an austere form of Sunni Islam that insists on a literal interpretation of the Quran. Wahhabis believe that all those who don't practice their form of Islam are heathens and enemies. Critics say that Wahhabism's rigidity has led it to misinterpret and distort Islam, pointing to extremists such as Osama bin Laden and the Taliban. Wahhabism's explosive growth began in the 1970s when Saudi charities started funding Wahhabi schools (madrassas) and mosques from Islamabad to Culver City, California.
  3. Schwartz, Steven. "Saudi Arabia and the Rise of the Wahhabi Threat". meforum. สืบค้นเมื่อ 24 June 2014.
  4. Kampeas, Ron. "Fundamentalist Wahhabism Comes to U.S." Belief.net, Associate Press. สืบค้นเมื่อ 27 February 2014.
  5. "Wahhabi". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 December 2010.
  6. Haykel 2013, p. 231.
  7. Commins, David (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B. Tauris. p. vi. ISBN 9781845110802. wahhabism.
  8. Valentine, Simon (9 January 2015). Force and Fanaticism. Oxford University Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 9781849046152. สืบค้นเมื่อ 24 July 2016. The majority of mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims worldwide would strongly disagree with the interpretation of Wahhabism outlined above. Rather than see Wahhabism as a reform movement, many Muslims would reject it in the strongest terms as firqa, a new faction, a vile sect.
  9. DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (First ed.). Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 123–24. ISBN 0-19-516991-3. Wahhabism has become [...] a blanket term for any Islamic movement that has an apparent tendency toward misogyny, militantism, extremism, or strict and literal interpretation of the Quran and hadith
  10. Commins, David (2009). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B.Tauris. p. ix. Thus, the mission's devotees contend that 'Wahhabism' is a misnomer for their efforts to revive correct Islamic belief and practice. Instead of the Wahhabi label, they prefer either Salafi, one who follows the ways of the first Muslim ancestors (salaf), or muwahhid, one who professes God's unity.
  11. Esposito 2003, p. 333
  12. V. G. Julie Rajan Al Qaeda's Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir and the Genocide of Muslims Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-317-64538-2 page 76
  13. Brown 2009, p. 245.
  14. Delong-Bas 2004, pp. 41-42.
  15. Laoust, H. (2012) [1993]. "Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb". ใน Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P. (บ.ก.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3033. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
  16. Michael Sells, Professor of History and Literature of Islam and Comparative Literature at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago (22 December 2016). "Wahhabist Ideology: What It Is And Why It's A Problem". The Huffington Post. New York. สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 June 2020.
  17. Commins, David (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B.Tauris. p. 7. ISBN 9780857731357. The Wahhabi religious reform movement arose in Najd, the vast, thinly populated heart of Central Arabia.
  18. . GlobalSecurity.org. 27 April 2005. คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ 7 May 2005. สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 May 2008.
  19. Valentine, Simon (9 January 2015). Force and Fanaticisim. Oxford. p. 17. ISBN 9781849046169. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 October 2017.Offline, ulema, such as those at the prestigious Al-Azhar University in Cairo (the Oxford University of the Sunni Muslim World) similarly, regularly denounce wahhabism as 'a satanic faith which has led to division, debate, dishonesty and mistrust of muslims'.
  20. Haider, Murtaza (22 July 2013). "European Parliament identifies Wahabi and Salafi roots of global terrorism". Dawn.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 August 2014.
  21. "Terrorism: Growing Wahhabi Influence in the United States" (PDF). US GPO. 26 June 2003. Journalists and experts, as well as spokespeople of the world, have said that Wahhabism is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today's world, from Morocco to Indonesia, via Israel, Saudi Arabia, Chechnya. Jon Kyl, US Senator for Arizona
  22. Partick Cockburn, The Rise of Islamic State: ISIS and the New Sunni Revolution. Verso 2014. p. 6
  23. Commins, David (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia (PDF). I.B.Tauris. p. vi. [T]he pivotal idea in Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teaching determines whether one is a Muslim or an infidel. In his opinion, Muslims who disagreed with his definition of monotheism were not heretics, that is to say, misguided Muslims, but outside the pale of Islam altogether
  24. Mouzahem, Haytham (20 April 2013). . Al-Monitor. al-monitor. คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ 24 August 2014. สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 August 2014.
  25. Rabasa, Angel; Benard, Cheryl (2004). "The Middle East: Cradle of the Muslim World". The Muslim World After 9/11. Rand Corporation. p. 103, note 60. ISBN 0-8330-3712-9.
  26. Howden, Daniel (6 August 2005). "The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage". The Independent. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 December 2009.
  27. Finn, Helena Kane (8 October 2002). . Council on Foreign Relations. คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ 4 September 2014. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 August 2014. It is the undisputed case that the Taliban justification for this travesty [the destruction of the Buddha statues at Bamiyan] can be traced to the Wahhabi indoctrination program prevalent in the Afghan refugee camps and Saudi-funded Islamic schools (madrasas) in Pakistan that produced the Taliban ... In Saudi Arabia itself, the destruction has focused on the architectural heritage of Islam's two holiest cities, Mecca and Medina, where Wahhabi religious foundations, with state support, have systematically demolished centuries-old mosques and mausolea, as well as hundreds of traditional Hijazi mansions and palaces.

บรรณานุกรม

  • Delong-Bas, Natana J. (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516991-3. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 June 2020.
  • Brown, Daniel W. (2009). "The Wahhābī Movement". A New Introduction to Islam. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 245–247. ISBN 978-1-4051-5807-7. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 June 2020.
  • Commins, David (2015). "From Wahhabi to Salafi". ใน Haykel, Bernard; Hegghammer, Thomas; Lacroix, Stéphane (บ.ก.). Saudi Arabia in Transition: Insights on Social, Political, Economic and Religious Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–166. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139047586.011. ISBN 978-1-107-00629-4. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 June 2020.
  • Haykel, Bernard (2013). "Ibn ‛Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (1703-92)". ใน Böwering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (บ.ก.). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 231–232. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 June 2020.
  • Moosa, Ebrahim (2015). What Is a Madrasa?. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-2013-8. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 June 2020.
  • White, Jonathan R. (2017). "Militant Scholars and Strategists". Terrorism and Homeland Security (9th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. pp. 252–253. ISBN 978-1-305-63377-3. LCCN 2015951183. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 June 2020.

อ่านเพิ่ม

  • Burckhardt, John Lewis, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahábys, H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1830.
  • Valentine, S. R., "Force & Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond", Hurst & Co, London, 2015, ISBN 978-1849044646.
  • Imran N. Hosein (1996). 'The Caliphate, the Hejaz and the Saudi-Wahhabi Nation-State'. New York: Masjid Darul Qur'an.
  • Algar, Hamid, Wahhabism: A Critical Essay, Islamic Publications International, ISBN 1-889999-13-X.
  • Holden, David and Johns, Richard, The House of Saud, Pan, 1982, ISBN 0-330-26834-1.
  • Al-Rasheed, Madawi, A History of Saudi Arabia, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-521-64412-7.
  • De Gaury, Gerald and Stark, Freya, Arabia Phoenix, Kegan Paul International Limited, ISBN 0-7103-0677-6, ISBN 978-0-7103-0677-7.
  • Oliver, Haneef James, The 'Wahhabi' Myth: Dispelling Prevalent Fallacies and the Fictitious Link with Bin Laden, T.R.O.I.D. Publications, February 2004, ISBN 0-9689058-5-4.
  • Quist, B. Wayne and Drake, David F., Winning the War on Terror: A Triumph of American Values, iUniverse, 2005, ISBN 0-595-67272-8.
  • Malik, S. K. (1986). The Quranic Concept of War (PDF). Himalayan Books. ISBN 81-7002-020-4.
  • Swarup, Ram (1982). Understanding Islam through Hadis. Voice of Dharma. ISBN 0-682-49948-X.
  • Trifkovic, Serge (2006). Defeating Jihad. Regina Orthodox Press, USA. ISBN 1-928653-26-X.
  • Phillips, Melanie (2006). Londonistan: How Britain is Creating a Terror State Within. Encounter books. ISBN 1-59403-144-4.
  • Commins, David Dean (2006). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia (PDF). I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-84885-014-X.
  • Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512558-4.
  • Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. trans. Anthony F. Roberts (1st English ed.). Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00877-4.
  • Vernochet, Jean-Michel (2013). Les Egarés: Wahhabisme est-il un contre Islam ? (4th French ed.). Alfortville-F: Sigest. ISBN 978-2-917329-62-7.
  • Saint-Prot, Charles. Islam. L'avenir de la tradition entre révolution et occidentalisation (Islam. The Future of Tradition between Revolution and Westernization). Paris: Le Rocher, 2008.
  • Saudi Clerics and Shia Islam, by Raihan Ismail, Oxford University Press, 2016. ISBN 978-0-19-023331-0

แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น

  •   Wheeler Thatcher, Griffithes (1911). "Wahhābis" . สารานุกรมบริตานิกา ค.ศ. 1911. 28 (11 ed.). p. 245.
  • "Wahhabism." - Oxford Bibliographies Online
  • BBC Analysis: Inside Wahhabi Islam
  • Saudi Publications on Hate Ideology
  • Booknotes interview with Stephen Schwartz on The Two Faces of Islam: The House of Sa'ud from Tradition to Terror, 2 February 2003

วะฮาบ, อาหร, الوهابية, ลวะฮ, ฮาบ, ยะฮ, เป, นกล, มเคล, อนไหวทางศาสนาและล, ทธ, สลามท, อต, งโดยม, มม, บน, บด, ลวะฮ, ฮาบ, โดยสาวกกล, าวว, าเป, อน, กษ, ยมส, ดโต, ขวาจ, เคร, งคร, ลฐานน, ยม, หร, วร, แทนต, ในฐานะ, ขบวนการปฏ, สลาม, เพ, อฟ, นฟ, การส, กการะเอกเทวน, ยมอ, . wahabiy xahrb الوهابية xlwahhabiyah epnklumekhluxnihwthangsasnaaelalththixislamthikxtngodymuhmmd xibn xbdulwahhab odysawkklawwaepn xnurksniymsudotng khwacd 1 ekhrngkhrd 2 multhanniym 3 hrux phiwriaethnt 4 5 inthana khbwnkarptirup xislam ephuxfunfu karskkaraexkethwniymxnbrisuththi etahid 6 7 swnphutxtaneriykwa khbwnkarlththiebiyngebn 7 lththielwthram 8 aelaphubidebuxnxislam 2 khawawahabiy mkichotethiyngaelasawkthwipimichkhani odyklawthunglththiniwa salafi hrux muwahhid 9 10 xangwa ephuxenninhlkkar etahid khwamepnexklksn aela khwamepnexkphaph khxngphraepneca 11 hruxexkethwniym odyhammusliminkartha chirk buchaethwrup 12 lththinidaenintamhlkethwwithyakhxngxibn tymiyah aelamshbhnbali 6 aemwaswnnxykhxngphunasankhnbaliptiesthmummxngkhxngxibn xbdulwahhab enuxngcakxiththiphlkhxngxxtotmn 5 wahabiy thuktngchuxtammuhmmd xibn xbdulwahhab kh s 1703 1792 6 13 14 15 16 ekhaerimkhbwnkarptirupthwaekhwnncd 6 17 snbsnunkarkwadlangkarptibtikhxngsunniipthw echn karekharphkhndiaelakareyiymeyiynsusankhxngphwkekhasungthaknxyuthwolkxislam aetekhathuxwaepnkarbuchabukhkhlaelaepnsingxuttriinsasnaxislam bidxah 6 11 18 muslimthngsunniaelachixahswnihythwolkptiesthkartikhwamkhxngwahabiy aelamuslimhlaykhnotaeyngphwkekhawaepnkk hrux lththielwthram 8 brrdaxulamax rwmipthungphuthimacakmhawithyalyxlxshr prkprawahabiyxyuhlaykha echnkhawa khwamsrththakhxngsatan 19 wahabiy thukklawhawaepn tnkaenidkhxngkarkxkarraythwolk 20 21 epnaerngbndalicaekrthxislamxirkaelaliaewnt 22 aelakxihekidkhwamaetkaeykinsngkhmmuslim odykarklawhamuslimthiimyxmrbkhaniyamkhxngwahabiyinthanaexkethwniymwa phwknxkrit 6 23 tkfir aelaaesdngkhwambrisuththitxkarkha 24 lththinithukwicarncakkarthalayxnusrnnkbuy susan aelasingkxsrangkbobranwtthukhxngmuslimaelaimichmuslim 25 26 27 enuxha 1 xangxing 2 brrnanukrm 3 xanephim 4 aehlngkhxmulxunxangxing aekikh Mark Juergensmeyer Wade Clark Roof b k 2011 Wahhabis Encyclopedia of Global Religion SAGE Publications p 1369 ISBN 9781452266565 2 0 2 1 Analysis Wahhabism PBS Frontline subkhnemux 13 May 2014 For more than two centuries Wahhabism has been Saudi Arabia s dominant creed It is an austere form of Sunni Islam that insists on a literal interpretation of the Quran Wahhabis believe that all those who don t practice their form of Islam are heathens and enemies Critics say that Wahhabism s rigidity has led it to misinterpret and distort Islam pointing to extremists such as Osama bin Laden and the Taliban Wahhabism s explosive growth began in the 1970s when Saudi charities started funding Wahhabi schools madrassas and mosques from Islamabad to Culver City California Schwartz Steven Saudi Arabia and the Rise of the Wahhabi Threat meforum subkhnemux 24 June 2014 Kampeas Ron Fundamentalist Wahhabism Comes to U S Belief net Associate Press subkhnemux 27 February 2014 5 0 5 1 Wahhabi Encyclopaedia Britannica Online subkhnemux 12 December 2010 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 Haykel 2013 p 231 7 0 7 1 Commins David 2006 The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia I B Tauris p vi ISBN 9781845110802 wahhabism 8 0 8 1 Valentine Simon 9 January 2015 Force and Fanaticism Oxford University Press pp 16 17 ISBN 9781849046152 subkhnemux 24 July 2016 The majority of mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims worldwide would strongly disagree with the interpretation of Wahhabism outlined above Rather than see Wahhabism as a reform movement many Muslims would reject it in the strongest terms as firqa a new faction a vile sect DeLong Bas Natana J 2004 Wahhabi Islam From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad First ed Oxford University Press USA pp 123 24 ISBN 0 19 516991 3 Wahhabism has become a blanket term for any Islamic movement that has an apparent tendency toward misogyny militantism extremism or strict and literal interpretation of the Quran and hadith Commins David 2009 The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia I B Tauris p ix Thus the mission s devotees contend that Wahhabism is a misnomer for their efforts to revive correct Islamic belief and practice Instead of the Wahhabi label they prefer either Salafi one who follows the ways of the first Muslim ancestors salaf or muwahhid one who professes God s unity 11 0 11 1 Esposito 2003 p 333 V G Julie Rajan Al Qaeda s Global Crisis The Islamic State Takfir and the Genocide of Muslims Routledge 2015 ISBN 978 1 317 64538 2 page 76 Brown 2009 p 245 Delong Bas 2004 pp 41 42 Laoust H 2012 1993 Ibn ʿAbd al Wahhab in Bearman P J Bianquis Th Bosworth C E van Donzel E J Heinrichs W P b k Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed Leiden Brill Publishers doi 10 1163 1573 3912 islam SIM 3033 ISBN 978 90 04 16121 4 Michael Sells Professor of History and Literature of Islam and Comparative Literature at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago 22 December 2016 Wahhabist Ideology What It Is And Why It s A Problem The Huffington Post New York subkhnemux 10 June 2020 Commins David 2006 The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia I B Tauris p 7 ISBN 9780857731357 The Wahhabi religious reform movement arose in Najd the vast thinly populated heart of Central Arabia Wahhabi GlobalSecurity org 27 April 2005 khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 7 May 2005 subkhnemux 10 May 2008 Valentine Simon 9 January 2015 Force and Fanaticisim Oxford p 17 ISBN 9781849046169 subkhnemux 25 October 2017 Offline ulema such as those at the prestigious Al Azhar University in Cairo the Oxford University of the Sunni Muslim World similarly regularly denounce wahhabism as a satanic faith which has led to division debate dishonesty and mistrust of muslims Haider Murtaza 22 July 2013 European Parliament identifies Wahabi and Salafi roots of global terrorism Dawn com subkhnemux 3 August 2014 Terrorism Growing Wahhabi Influence in the United States PDF US GPO 26 June 2003 Journalists and experts as well as spokespeople of the world have said that Wahhabism is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today s world from Morocco to Indonesia via Israel Saudi Arabia Chechnya Jon Kyl US Senator for Arizona Partick Cockburn The Rise of Islamic State ISIS and the New Sunni Revolution Verso 2014 p 6 Commins David 2006 The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia PDF I B Tauris p vi T he pivotal idea in Ibn Abd al Wahhab s teaching determines whether one is a Muslim or an infidel In his opinion Muslims who disagreed with his definition of monotheism were not heretics that is to say misguided Muslims but outside the pale of Islam altogether Mouzahem Haytham 20 April 2013 Saudi Wahhabi Sheikh Calls on Iraq s Jihadists to Kill Shiites Al Monitor al monitor khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 24 August 2014 subkhnemux 18 August 2014 Rabasa Angel Benard Cheryl 2004 The Middle East Cradle of the Muslim World The Muslim World After 9 11 Rand Corporation p 103 note 60 ISBN 0 8330 3712 9 Howden Daniel 6 August 2005 The destruction of Mecca Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage The Independent subkhnemux 21 December 2009 Finn Helena Kane 8 October 2002 Cultural Terrorism and Wahhabi Islam Council on Foreign Relations khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 4 September 2014 subkhnemux 5 August 2014 It is the undisputed case that the Taliban justification for this travesty the destruction of the Buddha statues at Bamiyan can be traced to the Wahhabi indoctrination program prevalent in the Afghan refugee camps and Saudi funded Islamic schools madrasas in Pakistan that produced the Taliban In Saudi Arabia itself the destruction has focused on the architectural heritage of Islam s two holiest cities Mecca and Medina where Wahhabi religious foundations with state support have systematically demolished centuries old mosques and mausolea as well as hundreds of traditional Hijazi mansions and palaces brrnanukrm aekikhDelong Bas Natana J 2004 Wahhabi Islam From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 516991 3 subkhnemux 1 June 2020 Brown Daniel W 2009 The Wahhabi Movement A New Introduction to Islam Chichester West Sussex Wiley Blackwell pp 245 247 ISBN 978 1 4051 5807 7 subkhnemux 1 June 2020 Commins David 2015 From Wahhabi to Salafi in Haykel Bernard Hegghammer Thomas Lacroix Stephane b k Saudi Arabia in Transition Insights on Social Political Economic and Religious Change Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 151 166 doi 10 1017 CBO9781139047586 011 ISBN 978 1 107 00629 4 subkhnemux 15 June 2020 Haykel Bernard 2013 Ibn Abd al Wahhab Muhammad 1703 92 in Bowering Gerhard Crone Patricia Kadi Wadad Mirza Mahan Stewart Devin J Zaman Muhammad Qasim b k The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press pp 231 232 ISBN 978 0 691 13484 0 subkhnemux 15 June 2020 Moosa Ebrahim 2015 What Is a Madrasa Chapel Hill North Carolina University of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 1 4696 2013 8 subkhnemux 1 June 2020 White Jonathan R 2017 Militant Scholars and Strategists Terrorism and Homeland Security 9th ed Boston Cengage Learning pp 252 253 ISBN 978 1 305 63377 3 LCCN 2015951183 subkhnemux 1 June 2020 xanephim aekikhBurckhardt John Lewis Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys H Colburn and R Bentley 1830 Valentine S R Force amp Fanaticism Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond Hurst amp Co London 2015 ISBN 978 1849044646 Imran N Hosein 1996 The Caliphate the Hejaz and the Saudi Wahhabi Nation State New York Masjid Darul Qur an Algar Hamid Wahhabism A Critical Essay Islamic Publications International ISBN 1 889999 13 X Holden David and Johns Richard The House of Saud Pan 1982 ISBN 0 330 26834 1 Al Rasheed Madawi A History of Saudi Arabia Cambridge University Press 2002 ISBN 0 521 64412 7 De Gaury Gerald and Stark Freya Arabia Phoenix Kegan Paul International Limited ISBN 0 7103 0677 6 ISBN 978 0 7103 0677 7 Oliver Haneef James The Wahhabi Myth Dispelling Prevalent Fallacies and the Fictitious Link with Bin Laden T R O I D Publications February 2004 ISBN 0 9689058 5 4 Quist B Wayne and Drake David F Winning the War on Terror A Triumph of American Values iUniverse 2005 ISBN 0 595 67272 8 Malik S K 1986 The Quranic Concept of War PDF Himalayan Books ISBN 81 7002 020 4 Swarup Ram 1982 Understanding Islam through Hadis Voice of Dharma ISBN 0 682 49948 X Trifkovic Serge 2006 Defeating Jihad Regina Orthodox Press USA ISBN 1 928653 26 X Phillips Melanie 2006 Londonistan How Britain is Creating a Terror State Within Encounter books ISBN 1 59403 144 4 Commins David Dean 2006 The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia PDF I B Tauris ISBN 1 84885 014 X Esposito John 2003 The Oxford Dictionary of Islam Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 512558 4 Kepel Gilles 2002 Jihad The Trail of Political Islam trans Anthony F Roberts 1st English ed Cambridge Belknap Press of Harvard University Press ISBN 0 674 00877 4 Vernochet Jean Michel 2013 Les Egares Wahhabisme est il un contre Islam 4th French ed Alfortville F Sigest ISBN 978 2 917329 62 7 Saint Prot Charles Islam L avenir de la tradition entre revolution et occidentalisation Islam The Future of Tradition between Revolution and Westernization Paris Le Rocher 2008 Saudi Clerics and Shia Islam by Raihan Ismail Oxford University Press 2016 ISBN 978 0 19 023331 0aehlngkhxmulxun aekikh Wheeler Thatcher Griffithes 1911 Wahhabis saranukrmbritanika kh s 1911 28 11 ed p 245 Wahhabism Oxford Bibliographies Online Islam for Today What Is a Salafi And Is Their Approach Valid Spero News Bosnia Muslims upset by Wahhabi leaders BBC Analysis Inside Wahhabi Islam Saudi Publications on Hate Ideology Booknotes interview with Stephen Schwartz on The Two Faces of Islam The House of Sa ud from Tradition to Terror 2 February 2003ekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title wahabiy amp oldid 9093034, wikipedia, วิกิ 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