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ประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง

ประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง (อังกฤษ: middle power) หมายถึง รัฐซึ่งมีความสามารถที่จะแผ่อิทธิพลในระดับภูมิภาค ซึ่งแม้จะไม่ใช่ทั้งอภิมหาอำนาจหรือมหาอำนาจ แต่ก็มีความสามารถในการแผ่อิทธิพลในภูมิภาคของตนเอง

ประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง
ผู้นำของจี 20

ความเหลื่อมระหว่างมหาอำนาจและประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง

มีแหล่งข้อมูลกล่าวถึงประเทศเหล่านี้ว่าเป็นประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง

รายชื่อประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง

ดูเพิ่ม

อ้างอิง

  1. P. Shearman, M. Sussex, European Security After 9/11(Ashgate, 2004) - According to Shearman and Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status.
  2. Otte M, Greve J (2000) A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989-1999, St. Martin's Press
  3. Sperling, James (2001). "Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe". British Journal of Political Science. 31 (2). doi:10.1017/S0007123401000151.
  4. Tobias Harris (2008). "'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'". Far Eastern Economic Review. Vol. 171 no. 6. p. 45. 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner; In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.'
  5. Efstathopoulos, Charalampos (2011). "Reinterpreting India's Rise through the Middle Power Prism". Asian Journal of Political Science. 19 (1): 74–95. doi:10.1080/02185377.2011.568246. India's role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept. The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India's globalist agency, shifting the analytical focus beyond material-statistical calculations to theorise behavioural, normative and ideational parameters.
  6. Robert W. Bradnock, India's Foreign Policy since 1971 (The Royal Institute for International Affairs, London: Pinter Publishers, 1990), quoted in Leonard Stone, 'India and the Central Eurasian Space', Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2007, p. 183: 'The U.S. is a superpower whereas India is a middle power. A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both. But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind. The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former."
  7. Cartwright, Jan (2009). "India's Regional and International Support for Democracy: Rhetoric or Reality?". Asian Survey. 49 (3): 403–428. doi:10.1525/as.2009.49.3.403. India’s democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising "middle power." (A "middle power" is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally. In addition to India, other "middle powers" include, for example, Australia and Canada.)
  8. Verbeek, Bertjan; Giacomello, Giampiero (2011). Italy's foreign policy in the twenty-first century : the new assertiveness of an aspiring middle power. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-4868-6.
  9. "Operation Alba may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, Italy and the European Union (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171.
  10. "Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.
  11. Cox, Robert W. (1989). "Middlepowermanship, Japan, and future world order". International Journal. 44 (4): 823–862. doi:10.1177/002070208904400405.
  12. Soeya Yoshihide, 'Diplomacy for Japan as a Middle Power, Japan Echo, Vol. 35, No. 2 (2008), pp. 36-41.
  13. Neumann, Iver B. (2008). "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007". Journal of International Relations and Development. 11: 128–151 [p. 128]. doi:10.1057/jird.2008.7. As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully fledged great power.
  14. Wurst J (2006) Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper, GSI 2007-06-14 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน อ้างอิงผิดพลาด: ป้ายระบุ <ref> ไม่สมเหตุสมผล มีนิยามชื่อ "Wurst" หลายครั้งด้วยเนื้อหาต่างกัน
  15. Cooper AF (1997) Niche Diplomacy - Middle Powers after the Cold War, palgrave
  16. Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).
  17. Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', Asia Times (20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena—particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).'
  18. Buzan, Barry (2004). The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-7456-3375-7.
  19. Hazleton WA (2005) Middle Power Bandwagoning? Australia's Security Relationship with the United States, allacademic
  20. Solomon S (1997) South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership 2015-04-26 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน, ISS
  21. demosEUROPA – Centre for European Strategy Golden Age of Middle Powers? 2016-03-04 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน, Adam Balcer, January 2012
  22. Inoguchi K (2002) The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote 2007-09-29 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
  23. Caplan G (2006) From Rwanda to Darfur: Lessons learned?, SudanTribune
  24. Heine J (2006) On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy, ISN 2007-10-07 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
  25. Gladys Lechini, Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from the North.'
  26. Daniel Flemes, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. Hamburg: GIGA, 2007.
  27. Behringer, Ronald M. (2005). "Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda". Cooperation and Conflict. 40 (3): 305–342. doi:10.1177/0010836705055068.
  28. Crosby, Ann Denholm (1997). "A Middle-Power Military in Alliance: Canada and NORAD". Journal of Peace Research. 34 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1177/0022343397034001004. JSTOR 424829.
  29. Petersen K (2003) Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power, Dissident Voice
  30. . disarm.emb-japan.go.jp. คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ 16 January 2013. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 November 2015. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  31. Heine, Jorge. . The Centre for International Governance Innovation. คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ 2007-10-07. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 November 2015.
  32. Pratt C (1990) Middle Power Internationalism, MQUP
  33. Cooper, Andrew F.; Antkiewicz, Agata; Shaw, Timothy M. (2007). "Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?". International Studies Review. 9 (4): 673–689. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00730.x.
  34. Ploughshares Monitor (1997) Scrapping the Bomb: The role of middle power countries
  35. GILLEY, BRUCE (September 10, 2012). "The Rise of the Middle Powers". The New York Times Company. p. 1. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 March 2015.
  36. Thanos Veremēs (1997)The Military in greek Politics "Black Rose Books"
  37. Higgott, Richard A.; Cooper, Andrew Fenton (1990). "Middle power leadership and coalition building: Australia, the Cairns Group, and the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations". International Organization. 44 (4): 589–632. doi:10.1017/S0020818300035414. JSTOR 2706854.
  38. Jonathan H. Ping, Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005).
  39. Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch, Syria and Iran: Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System (London: Routledge, 1997).
  40. Samhat, Nayef H. (2000). "Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy: Lessons for Irano-U.S. Relations, 1962–77". Policy Studies Journal. 28 (1): 11–26. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2000.tb02013.x.
  41. Ahouie M (2004) Iran Analysis Quarterly, MIT
  42. Foreign Affairs Committee (2006) Iran
  43. www.lrb.co.uk
  44. . คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ 2016-03-04. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-09-05.
  45. อ้างอิงผิดพลาด: ป้ายระบุ <ref> ไม่ถูกต้อง ไม่มีการกำหนดข้อความสำหรับอ้างอิงชื่อ balancing
  46. "Kazakhstan and the struggle over Central Asia". Spectator USA. 5 June 2019.
  47. Zholdasbekova, Aidar Kurmashev, Dana Akhmedyanova, Houman Sadri, Akbota (1 October 2018). "Kazakhstan's Middle Power Response to Terrorism". Insight Turkey – โดยทาง www.insightturkey.com.
  48. LSE: Middle East Centre The New Politics of Intervention of Gulf Arab States, April 2015
  49. Mace G, Belanger L (1999) The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism (p 153)
  50. Kim R. Nossal and Richard Stubbs, 'Mahathir's Malaysia: An Emerging Middle Power?' in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
  51. Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace, 'Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas: The Cases of Argentina and Mexico', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
  52. Pierre G. Goad, 'Middle Powers to the Rescue?', Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 163, No. 24 (2000), p. 69.
  53. Pellicer O (2006) Mexico – a Reluctant Middle Power? 2007-06-14 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน, FES
  54. Politics and Power in the Maghreb, Michael J. Willis (2012)
  55. (PDF). Middle Powers Initiative. April 2004. คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม (PDF) เมื่อ 2007-06-14. GSICS1 maint: date and year (link)
  56. Oman: A Unique Foreign Policy Produces a Key Player in Middle Eastern and Global Diplomacy, Joseph A. Kechichian
  57. Barry Buzan (2004). The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century. Polity. pp. 71, 99. ISBN 978-0-7456-3374-9. สืบค้นเมื่อ 27 December 2011.
  58. Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft, B.J.C. McKercher (2012), Page 189
  59. Jonathan H. Ping Middle Power Statecraft (p 104)
  60. Spero, Joshua (2004). Bridging the European Divide. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 206. ISBN 9780742535534. ISBN 0-7425-3553-3.
  61. Kirton J (2006) Harper’s Foreign Policy Success?
  62. according to Yves Lacoste, Géopolitique, Larousse, 2009,p. 134, both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas.
  63. Cooper, Andrew F. . Public Diplomacy Magazine. คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ 2017-06-29. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 March 2015.
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  67. Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
  68. Van Der Westhuizen, Janis (1998). "South Africa's emergence as a middle power". Third World Quarterly. 19 (3): 435–456. doi:10.1080/01436599814334.
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17 27 28 29 chili 22 24 okhlxmebiy 21 30 31 echkekiy 20 ednmark 20 27 32 xiyipt 14 33 34 35 finaelnd 20 kris 36 hngkari 20 37 xinodniesiy 20 38 xihran 39 40 41 42 xisraexl 18 43 44 khaskhsthan 45 46 47 khuewt 48 maelesiy 34 38 49 50 emksiok 16 33 51 52 53 omrxkok 54 enethxraelnd 20 27 32 niwsiaelnd 55 incieriy 20 33 49 nxrewy 20 27 32 oxman 56 pakisthan 20 21 57 epru 58 filippins 21 59 opaelnd 20 52 60 61 oprtueks 62 katar 63 64 ormaeniy 20 saxudixaraebiy 18 65 66 singkhopr 21 59 aexfrikait 25 67 68 69 70 71 ekahliit 4 72 73 74 75 76 sepn 20 62 swiedn 20 18 32 77 switesxraelnd 20 ithwn 59 ithy 21 59 turki 21 33 78 yuekhrn 60 shrthxahrbexmierts 79 80 ewensuexla 20 21 ewiydnam 21 59 duephim aekikhpraethsxanacnaphumiphakh regional power klum 20 G20 xangxing aekikh 1 0 1 1 P Shearman M Sussex European Security After 9 11 Ashgate 2004 According to Shearman and Sussex both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status Otte M Greve J 2000 A Rising Middle Power German Foreign Policy in Transformation 1989 1999 St Martin s Press Sperling James 2001 Neither Hegemony nor Dominance Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold War Europe British Journal of Political Science 31 2 doi 10 1017 S0007123401000151 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 Tobias Harris 2008 Japan Accepts its Middle Power Fate Far Eastern Economic Review Vol 171 no 6 p 45 Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia sitting uneasily between the U S its security ally and China its most important economic partner In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia India South Korea and the members of Asean Efstathopoulos Charalampos 2011 Reinterpreting India s Rise through the Middle Power Prism Asian Journal of Political Science 19 1 74 95 doi 10 1080 02185377 2011 568246 India s role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India s globalist agency shifting the analytical focus beyond material statistical calculations to theorise behavioural normative and ideational parameters Robert W Bradnock India s Foreign Policy since 1971 The Royal Institute for International Affairs London Pinter Publishers 1990 quoted in Leonard Stone India and the Central Eurasian Space Journal of Third World Studies Vol 24 No 2 2007 p 183 The U S is a superpower whereas India is a middle power A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former Cartwright Jan 2009 India s Regional and International Support for Democracy Rhetoric or Reality Asian Survey 49 3 403 428 doi 10 1525 as 2009 49 3 403 India s democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising middle power A middle power is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally In addition to India other middle powers include for example Australia and Canada Verbeek Bertjan Giacomello Giampiero 2011 Italy s foreign policy in the twenty first century the new assertiveness of an aspiring middle power Lanham Md Lexington Books ISBN 978 0 7391 4868 6 Operation Alba may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy See Federiga Bindi Italy and the European Union Washington D C Brookings Institution Press 2011 p 171 Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military cultural and diplomatic affairs The country s European political social and economic influence make it a major regional power See Italy Justice System and National Police Handbook Vol 1 Washington D C International Business Publications 2009 p 9 Cox Robert W 1989 Middlepowermanship Japan and future world order International Journal 44 4 823 862 doi 10 1177 002070208904400405 Soeya Yoshihide Diplomacy for Japan as a Middle Power Japan Echo Vol 35 No 2 2008 pp 36 41 Neumann Iver B 2008 Russia as a great power 1815 2007 Journal of International Relations and Development 11 128 151 p 128 doi 10 1057 jird 2008 7 As long as Russia s rationality of government deviates from present day hegemonic neo liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance the West will not recognize Russia as a fully fledged great power 14 0 14 1 14 2 Wurst J 2006 Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper GSI Archived 2007 06 14 thi ewyaebkaemchchin xangxingphidphlad payrabu lt ref gt imsmehtusmphl miniyamchux Wurst hlaykhrngdwyenuxhatangkn 15 0 15 1 Cooper AF 1997 Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers after the Cold War palgrave 16 0 16 1 16 2 16 3 Bernard Wood Towards North South Middle Power Coalitions in Middle Power Internationalism The North South Dimension edited by Cranford Pratt Montreal McGill Queen s University Press 1990 17 0 17 1 Yasmi Adriansyah Questioning Indonesia s place in the world Asia Times 20 September 2011 Countries often categorized as middle power MP include Australia Canada and Japan The reasons for this categorization are the nations advanced political economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC Brazil Russia India and China 18 0 18 1 18 2 18 3 Buzan Barry 2004 The United States and the Great Powers Cambridge United Kingdom Polity Press p 71 ISBN 0 7456 3375 7 Hazleton WA 2005 Middle Power Bandwagoning Australia s Security Relationship with the United States allacademic 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 Solomon S 1997 South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership Archived 2015 04 26 thi ewyaebkaemchchin ISS 21 0 21 1 21 2 21 3 21 4 21 5 21 6 21 7 21 8 demosEUROPA Centre for European Strategy Golden Age of Middle Powers Archived 2016 03 04 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Adam Balcer January 2012 22 0 22 1 Inoguchi K 2002 The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote Archived 2007 09 29 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Caplan G 2006 From Rwanda to Darfur Lessons learned SudanTribune 24 0 24 1 Heine J 2006 On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy ISN Archived 2007 10 07 thi ewyaebkaemchchin 25 0 25 1 Gladys Lechini Middle Powers IBSA and the New South South Cooperation NACLA Report on the Americas Vol 40 No 5 2007 28 33 Today a new more selective South South cooperation has appeared bringing some hope to the people of our regions The trilateral alliance known as the India Brazil and South Africa Dialogue Forum or IBSA exemplifies the trend The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests All three consider themselves middle powers and leaders of their respective regions yet they have also been subject to pressures from the North Daniel Flemes Emerging Middle Powers Soft Balancing Strategy State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum Hamburg GIGA 2007 27 0 27 1 27 2 27 3 Behringer Ronald M 2005 Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda Cooperation and Conflict 40 3 305 342 doi 10 1177 0010836705055068 Crosby Ann Denholm 1997 A Middle Power Military in Alliance Canada and NORAD Journal of Peace Research 34 1 37 52 doi 10 1177 0022343397034001004 JSTOR 424829 Petersen K 2003 Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power Dissident Voice THE UN DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE IN KYOTO disarm emb japan go jp khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 16 January 2013 subkhnemux 13 November 2015 Unknown parameter deadurl ignored help Heine Jorge On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy The Centre for International Governance Innovation khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 2007 10 07 subkhnemux 13 November 2015 32 0 32 1 32 2 32 3 Pratt C 1990 Middle Power Internationalism MQUP 33 0 33 1 33 2 33 3 Cooper Andrew F Antkiewicz Agata Shaw Timothy M 2007 Lessons from for BRICSAM about South North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century Economic Size Trumps All Else International Studies Review 9 4 673 689 doi 10 1111 j 1468 2486 2007 00730 x 34 0 34 1 Ploughshares Monitor 1997 Scrapping the Bomb The role of middle power countries GILLEY BRUCE September 10 2012 The Rise of the Middle Powers The New York Times Company p 1 subkhnemux 14 March 2015 Thanos Veremes 1997 The Military in greek Politics Black Rose Books Higgott Richard A Cooper Andrew Fenton 1990 Middle power leadership and coalition building Australia the Cairns Group and the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations International Organization 44 4 589 632 doi 10 1017 S0020818300035414 JSTOR 2706854 38 0 38 1 Jonathan H Ping Middle Power Statecraft Indonesia Malaysia and the Asia Pacific Aldershot Ashgate Publishing 2005 Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch Syria and Iran Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System London Routledge 1997 Samhat Nayef H 2000 Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy Lessons for Irano U S Relations 1962 77 Policy Studies Journal 28 1 11 26 doi 10 1111 j 1541 0072 2000 tb02013 x Ahouie M 2004 Iran Analysis Quarterly MIT Foreign Affairs Committee 2006 Iran www lrb co uk www acronym org uk khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 2016 03 04 subkhnemux 2014 09 05 xangxingphidphlad payrabu lt ref gt imthuktxng immikarkahndkhxkhwamsahrbxangxingchux balancing Kazakhstan and the struggle over Central Asia Spectator USA 5 June 2019 Zholdasbekova Aidar Kurmashev Dana Akhmedyanova Houman Sadri Akbota 1 October 2018 Kazakhstan s Middle Power Response to Terrorism Insight Turkey odythang www insightturkey com LSE Middle East Centre The New Politics of Intervention of Gulf Arab States April 2015 49 0 49 1 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