↑ Fattah, Hala Mundhir (2009). A Brief History of Iraq. Infobase Publishing. p. 46. ISBN978-0-8160-5767-2. One characteristic of the Parthians that the kings themselves maintained was their nomadic urge. The kings built or occupied numerous cities as their capitals, the most important being Ctesiphon on the Tigris River, which they built from the ancient town of Opis.
Skjaervo, Prods Oktor. "IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (2) Doc – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Encyclopedia Iranica. จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 17 พฤศจิกายน 2016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 กุมภาพันธ์ 2017. Parthian. This was the local language of the area east of the Caspian Sea and official language of the Parthian state (see ARSACIDS) and is known from inscriptions on stone and metal, including coins and seals, and from large archives of potsherd labels on wine jars from the Parthian capital of Nisa, as well as from the Manichean texts.
Chyet, Michael L. (1997). Afsaruddin, Asma; Krotkoff, Georg; Zahniser, A. H. Mathias (บ.ก.). Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff. Eisenbrauns. p. 284. ISBN978-1-57506-020-0. In the Middle Persian period (Parthian and Sassanid Empires), Aramaic was the medium of everyday writing, and it provided scripts for writing Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, and Khwarezmian.
Brosius, Maria (2006). The Persians. Routledge. p. 125. ISBN978-0-203-06815-1. The Parthians and the peoples of the Parthian empire were polytheistic. Each ethnic group, each city, and each land or kingdom was able to adhere to its own gods, their respective cults and religious rituals. In Babylon the city-god Marduk continued to be the main deity alongside the goddesses Ishtar and Nanai, while Hatra's main god, the sun-god Shamash, was revered alongside a multiplicity of other gods.
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (ธันวาคม 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 17 กันยายน 2016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 กันยายน 2016.
Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 121. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
Cartwright, Mark (March 6, 2018). "The Roman-Parthian War 58-63 CE". Ancient History Encyclopedia. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 23, 2019.
Lacey, James (2016). Great Strategic Rivalries: From The Classical World to the Cold War. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780190620486.
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bwkkbkhwamkhdaeyngphayinaelakarxubtikhxngckrwrrdiaesssanid thaihckrwrrdipharethiyxxnaexlng inpi kh s 224 ckrwrrdipharethiylmslayhlngxardachirthi 1 nathphaesssanidrbchnaaelasngharxartabansthi 4 aehngpharethiyinyuththkarhxrmxsdkn aelakhbilowolkasisthi 6 kstriypharethiyxikphraxngkhxxkcakemosopetemiyidsaerc 17 18 xangxing aekikh 1 0 1 1 Fattah Hala Mundhir 2009 A Brief History of Iraq Infobase Publishing p 46 ISBN 978 0 8160 5767 2 One characteristic of the Parthians that the kings themselves maintained was their nomadic urge The kings built or occupied numerous cities as their capitals the most important being Ctesiphon on the Tigris River which they built from the ancient town of Opis 2 0 2 1 Green 1992 p 45 Skjaervo Prods Oktor IRAN vi IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS 2 Doc Encyclopaedia Iranica www iranicaonline org phasaxngkvs Encyclopedia Iranica ekb cakaehlngedimemux 17 phvscikayn 2016 subkhnemux 8 kumphaphnth 2017 Parthian This was the local language of the area east of the Caspian Sea and official language of the Parthian state see ARSACIDS and is known from inscriptions on stone and metal including coins and seals and from large archives of potsherd labels on wine jars from the Parthian capital of Nisa as well as from the Manichean texts Chyet Michael L 1997 Afsaruddin Asma Krotkoff Georg Zahniser A H Mathias b k Humanism Culture and Language in the Near East Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff Eisenbrauns p 284 ISBN 978 1 57506 020 0 In the Middle Persian period Parthian and Sassanid Empires Aramaic was the medium of everyday writing and it provided scripts for writing Middle Persian Parthian Sogdian and Khwarezmian Brosius Maria 2006 The Persians Routledge p 125 ISBN 978 0 203 06815 1 The Parthians and the peoples of the Parthian empire were polytheistic Each ethnic group each city and each land or kingdom was able to adhere to its own gods their respective cults and religious rituals In Babylon the city god Marduk continued to be the main deity alongside the goddesses Ishtar and Nanai while Hatra s main god the sun god Shamash was revered alongside a multiplicity of other gods Sheldon 2010 p 231 Turchin Peter Adams Jonathan M Hall Thomas D thnwakhm 2006 East West Orientation of Historical Empires Journal of World systems Research 12 2 223 ISSN 1076 156X ekb cakaehlngedimemux 17 knyayn 2016 subkhnemux 16 knyayn 2016 Taagepera Rein 1979 Size and Duration of Empires Growth Decline Curves 600 B C to 600 A D Social Science History 3 3 4 121 doi 10 2307 1170959 JSTOR 1170959 roughly western Khurasan Bickerman 1983 p 6 Parni people Britannica November 7 2019 subkhnemux November 23 2019 Bivar 1983 p 29 Brosius 2006 p 86 Kennedy 1996 p 74 Curtis 2007 pp 10 11 Bivar 1983 p 33 Garthwaite 2005 p 76 Arsaces XVII Phraates III Livius org May 7 2019 subkhnemux November 23 2019 Battle of Carrhae Britannica subkhnemux November 23 2019 Garthwaite 2005 p 80 see also Strugnell 2006 pp 251 252 Cartwright Mark March 6 2018 The Roman Parthian War 58 63 CE Ancient History Encyclopedia subkhnemux November 23 2019 Lacey James 2016 Great Strategic Rivalries From The Classical World to the Cold War Oxford United Kingdom Oxford University Press ISBN 9780190620486 Chaumont amp Schippmann 1988 pp 574 580 aehlngkhxmulxun aekikh wikimiediykhxmmxnsmisuxekiywkb ckrwrrdipharethiy Parthian Empire Ancient History Encyclopedia phikdphumisastr 33 05 37 N 44 34 51 E 33 09361 N 44 58083 E 33 09361 44 58083ekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title ckrwrrdipharethiy amp oldid 9404391, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,