Clockwise from top-left: Yugoslav general staff headquarters damaged by NATO airstrikes; a Yugo buried under rubble caused by NATO airstrikes; memorial to local KLA commanders; a USAF F-15E taking off from Aviano Air Base
วันที่
28 February 1998 – 11 June 1999 (1 year, 3 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)
No legal changes to Yugoslav borders according to the Resolution 1244, but effective political and economic separation of Kosovo from Yugoslavia under United Nations administration
Dragoljub Ojdanić Nebojša Pavković Vlastimir Đorđević Vladimir Lazarević Sreten Lukić
กำลัง
9,000 – 20,000 KLA insurgents
3,000 FARK insurgents
cca. 80 aircraft (Operation Eagle Eye) 1,031 aircraft (Operation Allied Force) More than 30 warships and submarines Around 50,000 soldiers stationed in northern Albania
แม่แบบ:Country data Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 85,000 soldiers (including 40,000 in and around Kosovo) แม่แบบ:Country data Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 20,000 policemen แม่แบบ:Country data Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 100 SAM sites แม่แบบ:Country data Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1,400 artillery pieces (Both ground & air defense) แม่แบบ:Country data Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 240 aircraft แม่แบบ:Country data Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 2,032 armored vehicles & tanks
Russian volunteers, unknown number
กำลังพลสูญเสีย
1,500 insurgents killed (according to the KLA)
2 non-combat deaths 3 soldiers captured Four airplanes shot down Two AH-64 Apaches and a AV-8B Harrier crashed Three airplanes damaged 47 UAVs shot down
Caused by KLA: More than 300 soldiers killed according to Yugoslav Army Caused by NATO: แม่แบบ:Country data Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1,031–1,200 killed 14 tanks destroyed 18 APCs destroyed 20 artillery pieces destroyed 121 aircraft and helicopters destroyed
Inside Kosovo:
Between 3,000–10,533 Kosovo Albanian civilians killed or missing 848,000–863,000 Kosovo Albanians displaced 2,238 Serbs killed or missing 230,000 Kosovo Serb, Romani and other non-Albanian civilians displaced NATO Air campaign: 489–528 civilian deaths caused by NATO bombing in Kosovo and Serbia (according to Human Rights Watch)
Serbia claims that 1,031 Yugoslav soldiers and policemen were killed by NATO bombing. NATO initially claimed that 5,000 Yugoslav servicemen had been killed and 10,000 had been wounded during the NATO air campaign. NATO has since revised this estimation to 1,200 Yugoslav soldiers and policemen killed.
"Europe | Kosovo rebels to disarm". BBC News. 1999-06-21. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-11-08.
Daniszewski, John (1999-04-14). "Yugoslav Troops Said to Cross Into Albania". Los Angeles Times. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-02-20.
Daly, Emma (1999-04-14). "War In The Balkans: Serbs enter Albania and burn village". The Independent. London. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-02-20.
Reitman, Valerie; Richter, Paul; Dahlburg, John-Thor (1999-06-10). "Yugoslav, NATO Generals Sign Peace Agreement for Kosovo / Alliance will end air campaign when Serbian troops pull out". San Francisco Chronicle. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-02-20.
"Nato's bombing blunders". BBC News. 1999-06-01. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-05-06.
↑ "The Balkans/Allied Force: Statistics". planken.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-02-28.
"Norske jagerfly på vingene i går". Tux1.aftenposten.no. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-05-06.
"Nato loses two planes". BBC News. 1999-05-02. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-05-06.
"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nojavascript.html F-117 damage said attributed to full moon". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 1999-05-06. p. A14]. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-02-20. External link in |title= (help)
Andrei Kislyakov (October 9, 2007). "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Increase In Numbers". Radardaily.com. RIA Novosti. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-02-28.
Robert Fisk (21 June 1999). "Serb army 'unscathed by Nato', KLA 'killed more Serbs than Nato did'". The Independent. London. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 March 2013.
"Serbia marks anniversary of NATO bombing". B92. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-05-06.
Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2006). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History. Routledge. p. 558. ISBN978-0-203-96911-3.
Chambers II, John Whiteclay (1999). The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University Press. p. 375. ISBN978-0-19-507198-6.
Coopersmith, Jonathan; Launius, Roger D. (2003). Taking Off: A Century of Manned Flight. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 54. ISBN978-1-56347-610-5.
Andrew Cockburn (3 April 2011). "The limits of air power". Los Angeles Times. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 March 2013.
Jonathan Steele (18 August 2000). "Kosovo: 'Motivated to believe the worst'". The Guardian. London. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 March 2013.
↑ "Serbia: 13,000 killed and missing from Kosovo war - rights group". Relief Web. 6 October 2009. สืบค้นเมื่อ 31 December 2012.
Judah, Tim. The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. Yale University Press. p. 150. ISBN978-0-300-15826-7.
Kosovo/Kosova: As Seen. pp. Part III, Chap 14. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Judah, Tim. Kosovo: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. p. 14. ISBN978-0-19-974103-8.
The Crisis in Kosovo – Human Rights Watch 2000
หนังสืออ่านเพิ่ม
Bacevich & Cohen, Andrew J., Elliot A. (2001). War Over Kosovo: Politics and Strategy in a Global Age. Columbia University Press. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 March 2013.
Daalder & O'Hanlon, Ivo H., Michel E. (2000). Winning Ugly: NATO's War to Save Kosovo. Brookings Institution Press. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 March 2013.
Macdonald, Scott (2007). Propaganda and Information Warfare in the Twenty-First Century: Altered Images and Deception Operations. Routledge. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 March 2013.
Mann, Michael (2005). The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. Cambridge University Press. สืบค้นเมื่อ 4 January 2013.
Mincheva & Gurr, Lyubov Grigorova, Ted Robert (2013). Crime-Terror Alliances and the State: Ethnonationalist and Islamist Challenges to Regional Security. Routledge. สืบค้นเมื่อ 27 February 2013.
Thomas, Nigel (2006). The Yugoslav Wars (2): Bosnia, Kosovo And Macedonia 1992–2001. Osprey Publishing. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 June 2012.
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
คอมมอนส์ มีภาพและสื่อเกี่ยวกับ: สงครามคอซอวอ
Indictment of Milosevic United Nations
Video on Kosovo War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Text of Rambouillet Treaty – "Interim Agreement for Peace and Self-Government In Kosovo, Rambouillet, France – February 23, 1999," including Appendix B University of Pittsburgh Jurist
Beginning of discussion (May 14, 1999 to June 8, 1999, specifically) of Appendix B of the Rambouillet Treaty on H-Diplo, the diplomatic history forum H-Net
Through My Eyes website Imperial War Museum — Online Exhibition (Including images, videos and interviews with refugees from the war)
สงครามคอซอวอ, งกฤษ, kosovo, กจะกล, าวรวมถ, งเหต, การณ, สองเหต, การณ, เก, ดข, นในคอซอวอ, เขตท, อย, ทางตอนใต, ของเซอร, เบ, 2539, 2542, 1996, ความข, ดแย, งระหว, างกล, มกบฏแบ, งแยกด, นแดนชาวแอลเบเน, ยนท, เร, ยกว, หร, บฝ, ายร, ฐบาลย, โกสลาเว, ยท, งหว, ดคอซอวอ, งในข. sngkhramkhxsxwx xngkvs Kosovo War mkcaklawrwmthungehtukarnsxngehtukarnthiekidkhuninkhxsxwx ekhtthixyuthangtxnitkhxngesxrebiy khux ph s 2539 ph s 2542 kh s 1996 99 khwamkhdaeyngrahwangklumkbtaebngaeykdinaednchawaexlebeniynthieriykwa KLA hrux UCK kbfayrthbalyuokslaewiythicnghwdkhxsxwx sunginkhnannphlemuxngswnihythixasyinkhxsxwxmiechuxsayaexlebeniy pyhaniepnpyhaeruxrngenuxngcakkhwamkhdaeyngaelatxngkaraeykpraethstngaetpi 1995 thiokhrexechiy solwieniy masiodeniy aelabxseniy samarthaeykpraethsidthaihklumaebngaeykdinaedninkhxsxwxtxngkaraeykpraethsephuxiprwmkbaexlebeniybang ph s 2542 kh s 1999 sngkhramtxenuxngrahwangyuokslaewiykbnaot inchwng 24 minakhm thung 10 mithunayn kh s 1999 mikarthingraebidkhxngthangnaotxyangtxenuxng rwmthungkarocmtiklbkhxngthangfay UCK thaihrthbalyuokslaewiyinkhnannsngthxnkalngthphxxkcakphunthisngkhramkhxsxwxepnswnhnungkhxng sngkhramyuokslaewiy 1 Clockwise from top left Yugoslav general staff headquarters damaged by NATO airstrikes a Yugo buried under rubble caused by NATO airstrikes memorial to local KLA commanders a USAF F 15E taking off from Aviano Air Basewnthi 28 February 1998 11 June 1999 1 year 3 months 3 weeks and 3 days 2 sthanthi khxsxwx shphnthsatharnrthsngkhmniymyuokslaewiy Outside of Kosovo FR Yugoslavia aexlbaeniy Albanian amp OSCE Claim 3 4 phllphth Kumanovo Treaty Yugoslav forces pull out of Kosovo United Nations Resolution 1244 5 NATO intervention debated 6 KLA veterans join the UCPMB starting the Presevo insurgency Bulldozer Revolution in 2000dinaednepluyn No legal changes to Yugoslav borders according to the Resolution 1244 but effective political and economic separation of Kosovo from Yugoslavia under United Nations administrationkhukhdaeyngKLA FARK xngkhkarsnthisyyapxngknaextaelntikehnux ebleyiym aekhnada echkekiy 7 ednmark frngess eyxrmni hngkari xitali lkesmebirk 7 enethxraelnd nxrewy 8 opaelnd oprtueks sepn turki 9 shrachxanackr shrth Border Clashes aexlebeniy 10 11 esxrebiyaelamxnetenokrphubychakarhruxphunaAdem Jashari Hamez Jashari Sylejman Selimi Ramush Haradinaj Agim Ceku Hashim Thaci Ibrahim Rugova Wesley Clark Slobodan MilosevicDragoljub Ojdanic Nebojsa Pavkovic Vlastimir Đorđevic 12 Vladimir Lazarevic 13 Sreten Lukickalng9 000 20 000 KLA insurgents 14 3 000 FARK insurgents 15 cca 80 aircraft Operation Eagle Eye 16 1 031 aircraft Operation Allied Force 17 More than 30 warships and submarines 18 Around 50 000 soldiers stationed in northern Albania aemaebb Country data Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 85 000 soldiers 19 including 40 000 in and around Kosovo 18 aemaebb Country data Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 20 000 policemenaemaebb Country data Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 100 SAM sites 18 aemaebb Country data Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1 400 artillery pieces Both ground amp air defense 18 aemaebb Country data Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 240 aircraft 18 aemaebb Country data Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 2 032 armored vehicles amp tanks 18 Russian volunteers unknown number 20 21 kalngphlsuyesiy1 500 insurgents killed according to the KLA 22 2 non combat deaths 23 3 soldiers captured 24 Four airplanes shot down 25 26 27 Two AH 64 Apaches and a AV 8B Harrier crashed 28 Three airplanes damaged 27 29 47 UAVs shot down 30 Caused by KLA More than 300 soldiers killed according to Yugoslav Army 31 Caused by NATO aemaebb Country data Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1 031 1 200 killed a 14 tanks destroyed 36 18 APCs destroyed 37 20 artillery pieces destroyed 37 121 aircraft and helicopters destroyed 38 Inside Kosovo Between 3 000 10 533 Kosovo Albanian civilians killed or missing 39 40 848 000 863 000 Kosovo Albanians displaced 41 42 43 2 238 Serbs killed or missing 41 230 000 Kosovo Serb Romani and other non Albanian civilians displaced 44 NATO Air campaign 489 528 civilian deaths caused by NATO bombing in Kosovo and Serbia according to Human Rights Watch 45 enuxha 1 bthna 2 chwngsngkhram 3 hmayehtu 4 xangxing 5 hnngsuxxanephim 6 aehlngkhxmulxun 6 1 rayngan 6 2 sux 6 3 aephnthibthna aekikhbndinaednaehngkhwamkhdaeyngthangechuxchatikhxngchawyuokslaewiyedim prakxbdwyesxrebiy okhrexechiy solwieniy masiodeniy bxseniyaelaehxresokwina cnghwdpkkhrxngtnexngwxywxdina aelacnghwdpkkhrxngtnexngkhxsxwx rthesxrebiymiechuxsayswnihyepnchawesirbechuxsayediywkbslaf iklchidkbrsesiynbthuxkhristnikayxxrthxdxks aelamichnklumnxythiepnmuslimxnidaek masiodeniy bxseniyaelaehxresokwina aelakhxsxwxinxditthiphanmayuokslaewiypkkhrxngdwyrabbkhxmmiwnist miphunathimikhwamsamarthinkarpkkhrxngaelaphsankhwamepnsmanchnthrahwangechuxchati khuxcxmphlyxsip brxs tiot thaihkhwamkhdaeyngthangechuxchatiimmipyhamaknk cnkrathngepliynaeplngphunaemuxtiotthungaekkrrm phunathikhunmasubthxdtaaehnng khux solobdn miolechwich sungepnkhnechuxsayesirbhwrunaerng thaihkxchnwnpyhaechuxchatiekidkhunmaxikkhrng emuxrabbkhxmmiwnistinrsesiylmslayplaypi ph s 2534 thaihkxekidsatharnrththitxngkaraeykepnxisra sungpraethsthisamarthaeyktwidsaercidaek okhrexechiy solwieniy masiodeniy aelabxseniy tamladbchwngsngkhram aekikhpraethsthiaeyktwipswnihycamipyhaenuxngcakchnechuxsayesirbinpraethsimtxngkaraeykpraethsthaihekidkarpathainhlayphunthi aetthaythisud okhrexechiy solwieniy masiodeniy ksamarthaeyktwidsaercaelaidrbrxngcaknanachatiinkarcdtngrthbalkhxngtnexngbxseniyaelaehxresokwinaexngktxngkaraeyktwxxkipepnpraethsihm aetkepnpraethsthimipyhamakthisudephraachawesirbthixyuinpraethsnnmicanwnmakkwapraethsxun cungmikarrwmkalngtxtankaraeykpraethsephuxcaekharwmkbrthesxrebiy thaysudpyhakrunaerngmakinchwngpi ph s 2538 sungkartxtanaelapathaknxyangrunaerngnnnamasukarsngharhmuephuxkhalangephaphnthu cnshprachachatitxngekhamaiklekliyaelayutisukmathungkhrawkhxngkhxsxwxcaaeyktwbangephuxiprwmkbaexlebeniy thangrthbalesirbimyinyxm cungthakarocmtiaelakhbilchawmuslimechuxsayaexlebeniyinkhxsxwxxyangohdraytharun inpi ph s 2542 thaihkxngkalngchatiphnthmitrnaodynaotaelashrthxemrikaekhaybyng odythakarocmtiyuokslaewiythangxakasxyanghnkhnwngepnewlakwa 90 wn kddnihnaymioleswichyxmthxnthhar aelaxnuyatihphuliphychawmuslimechuxsayaexlebeniyklbekhamatngthinthanihmid odymikxngkalngchatiphnthmitrkhumkhrxngcnkrathngpccubn aetpyhakhwamrunaernginkhxsxwxkyngimcbsin aemwanaymioleswichcathukcbkum aelatdsinlngothsodysalolkinthanaxachyakrsngkhramaelwktam karkxwinaskrrminkhxsxwxyngmixyutxenuxnghmayehtu aekikh Serbia claims that 1 031 Yugoslav soldiers and policemen were killed by NATO bombing 32 NATO initially claimed that 5 000 Yugoslav servicemen had been killed and 10 000 had been wounded during the NATO air campaign 33 34 NATO has since revised this estimation to 1 200 Yugoslav soldiers and policemen killed 35 xangxing aekikh Thomas 2006 p 47 Europe Kosovo rebels to disarm BBC News 1999 06 21 subkhnemux 2012 11 08 Daniszewski John 1999 04 14 Yugoslav Troops Said to Cross Into Albania Los Angeles Times subkhnemux 2012 02 20 Daly Emma 1999 04 14 War In The Balkans Serbs enter Albania and burn village The Independent London subkhnemux 2012 02 20 Reitman Valerie Richter Paul Dahlburg John Thor 1999 06 10 Yugoslav NATO Generals Sign Peace Agreement for Kosovo Alliance will end air campaign when Serbian troops pull out San Francisco Chronicle subkhnemux 2012 02 20 Nato s bombing blunders BBC News 1999 06 01 subkhnemux 2012 05 06 7 0 7 1 The Balkans Allied Force Statistics planken org subkhnemux 2012 02 28 Norske jagerfly pa vingene i gar Tux1 aftenposten no subkhnemux 2012 05 06 Turkish Air Force Hvkk tsk tr khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 2009 05 13 subkhnemux 2009 03 24 Unknown parameter deadurl ignored help http news bbc co uk 2 hi europe 318217 stm http www independent co uk news war in the balkans serbs enter albania and burn village 1087030 html BBC News Serbian Vlastimir Djordjevic jailed over Kosovo murders BBC News 2011 02 24 subkhnemux 2012 05 06 Serbia charges police officers with 1999 Kosovo murders SETimes com 2006 04 28 subkhnemux 2012 05 06 John Pike Kosovo Liberation Army KLA UCK Globalsecurity org subkhnemux 2012 05 06 Forcat e Armatosura te Republikes se Kosoves facts Freebase 2012 05 01 subkhnemux 2012 05 06 12 mal bewertet 24 March 1999 Die Bundeswehr zieht in den Krieg 60xdeutschland de subkhnemux 2012 05 06 John Pike Kosovo Order of Battle Globalsecurity org subkhnemux 2012 02 20 18 0 18 1 18 2 18 3 18 4 18 5 NATO Operation Allied Force Defense gov subkhnemux 2012 02 28 Kosovo Map The Guardian Fighting for a foreign land BBC News 1999 05 20 subkhnemux 2012 02 28 Russian volunteer s account of Kosovo The Russia Journal 1999 07 05 subkhnemux 2012 02 28 Daalder amp O Hanlon 2000 p 151 Two die in Apache crash BBC News 1999 05 05 subkhnemux 2012 05 06 xangxingphidphlad payrabu lt ref gt imthuktxng immikarkahndkhxkhwamsahrbxangxingchux John Pike How to Take Down an F 117 Strategypage com 2005 11 21 subkhnemux 2012 05 06 Holloman commander recalls being shot down in Serbia F 16 net February 7 2007 subkhnemux 2012 05 06 27 0 27 1 xangxingphidphlad payrabu lt ref gt imthuktxng immikarkahndkhxkhwamsahrbxangxingchux ejection history1 Nato loses two planes BBC News 1999 05 02 subkhnemux 2012 05 06 http nl newsbank com nojavascript html F 117 damage said attributed to full moon Atlanta Journal Constitution 1999 05 06 p A14 subkhnemux 2012 02 20 External link in title help Andrei Kislyakov October 9 2007 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Increase In Numbers Radardaily com RIA Novosti subkhnemux 2012 02 28 Robert Fisk 21 June 1999 Serb army unscathed by Nato KLA killed more Serbs than Nato did The Independent London subkhnemux 13 March 2013 Serbia marks anniversary of NATO bombing B92 subkhnemux 2012 05 06 Bideleux Robert Jeffries Ian 2006 The Balkans A Post Communist History Routledge p 558 ISBN 978 0 203 96911 3 Chambers II John Whiteclay 1999 The Oxford Companion to American Military History Oxford University Press p 375 ISBN 978 0 19 507198 6 Coopersmith Jonathan Launius Roger D 2003 Taking Off A Century of Manned Flight American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics p 54 ISBN 978 1 56347 610 5 Andrew Cockburn 3 April 2011 The limits of air power Los Angeles Times subkhnemux 3 March 2013 37 0 37 1 Macdonald 2007 pp 99 Bacevich amp Cohen 2001 p 22 Mann 2005 p 357 Jonathan Steele 18 August 2000 Kosovo Motivated to believe the worst The Guardian London subkhnemux 13 March 2013 41 0 41 1 Serbia 13 000 killed and missing from Kosovo war rights group Relief Web 6 October 2009 subkhnemux 31 December 2012 Judah Tim The Serbs History Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia Yale University Press p 150 ISBN 978 0 300 15826 7 Kosovo Kosova As Seen pp Part III Chap 14 access date requires url help Judah Tim Kosovo What Everyone Needs to Know Oxford University Press p 14 ISBN 978 0 19 974103 8 The Crisis in Kosovo Human Rights Watch 2000hnngsuxxanephim aekikhBacevich amp Cohen Andrew J Elliot A 2001 War Over Kosovo Politics and Strategy in a Global Age Columbia University Press subkhnemux 3 March 2013 Daalder amp O Hanlon Ivo H Michel E 2000 Winning Ugly NATO s War to Save Kosovo Brookings Institution Press subkhnemux 13 March 2013 Macdonald Scott 2007 Propaganda and Information Warfare in the Twenty First Century Altered Images and Deception Operations Routledge subkhnemux 3 March 2013 Mann Michael 2005 The Dark Side of Democracy Explaining Ethnic Cleansing Cambridge University Press subkhnemux 4 January 2013 Mincheva amp Gurr Lyubov Grigorova Ted Robert 2013 Crime Terror Alliances and the State Ethnonationalist and Islamist Challenges to Regional Security Routledge subkhnemux 27 February 2013 Thomas Nigel 2006 The Yugoslav Wars 2 Bosnia Kosovo And Macedonia 1992 2001 Osprey Publishing subkhnemux 12 June 2012 aehlngkhxmulxun aekikhkhxmmxns miphaphaelasuxekiywkb sngkhramkhxsxwxIndictment of Milosevic United Nations Video on Kosovo War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Text of Rambouillet Treaty Interim Agreement for Peace and Self Government In Kosovo Rambouillet France February 23 1999 including Appendix B University of Pittsburgh Jurist Beginning of discussion May 14 1999 to June 8 1999 specifically of Appendix B of the Rambouillet Treaty on H Diplo the diplomatic history forum H Net Through My Eyes website Imperial War Museum Online Exhibition Including images videos and interviews with refugees from the war rayngan aekikh UNDER ORDERS War Crimes in Kosovo Human Rights Watch OSCE Kosovo Verification Mission thi ewyaebkaemchchin archived phvscikayn 2 2005 Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe Operation Allied Force NATO Humanitarian law violations in Kosovo HRW 1998 Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the new Kosovo HRW 1999 The Ethnic Cleansing of Kosovo U S State Department Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo An Accounting U S State Department War and mortality in Kosovo 1998 99 an epidemiological testimony The Lancet PDF Trebinje danas com K Mitrovica Vise od 100 povrijeđenih Srba UNMIK policajaca i Kforasux aekikh War in Europe PBS Frontline Kosovo fact files BBC News Focus on Kosovo CNNaephnthi aekikh Maps of Kosovo Perry Castaneda Library Map Collection bthkhwamekiywkbthhar karthhar hruxxawuthniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodyephimkhxmul duephimthi sthaniyxy karthharekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title sngkhramkhxsxwx amp oldid 8057601, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,