↑ Wagner, Karl-Heinz; Afaf Kamal-Eldin; Ibrahim Elmadfa (2004). "Gamma-tocopherol--an underestimated vitamin?". Annals of nutrition and metabolism. 48 (3): 169–88. doi:10.1159/000079555. PMID 15256801. In North America, the intake of γ-tocopherol has been estimated to exceed that of α-tocopherol by a factor of 2–4 ... due to the fact that soybean oil is the predominant vegetable oil in the American diet (76.4%) followed by corn oil and canola oil (both 7%) ... The supply of dietary fats ... is much more diverse in Europe ... The oils mainly consumed in Europe, i.e. sunflower, olive and canola oil, provide less γ-tocopherol but more α-tocopherol ... [T]he ratio of α-:γ-tocopherol is at least 1:2. Therefore, the average γ-tocopherol intake can be estimated as 4–6 mg/day, which is about 25–35% of the USA intake. In accordance with the lower estimated European intake of γ-tocopherol, the serum levels of γ-tocopherol in European populations are 4–20 times lower than that of α-tocopherol
Jiang, Q; Christen, S; Shigenaga, MK; Ames, BN (2001). "gamma-tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 74 (6): 714–22. PMID 11722951.
US Food and Drug Administration: . คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ November 8, 2011. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2011-10-27. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
UK Food Standards Agency: "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". สืบค้นเมื่อ 2011-10-27.
Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code"Standard 1.2.4 - Labelling of ingredients". สืบค้นเมื่อ 2011-10-27.
Evans H. M.; Emerson O. H.; Emerson G. A. (1 February 1936). . Journal of Biological Chemistry. 113 (1): 319–332. คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ 2007-09-29. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-06-06.
Fernholz, E. (1938). "On the Constitution of α-Tocopherol". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 60 (3): 700–705. doi:10.1021/ja01270a057.
J. Bauernfeind in: L. J. Machlin (ed.): Vitamin E – A Comprehensive Treatise, Marcel Dekker, New York 1980, p. 99
"USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference". USDA Agricultural Research Service. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2009-11-26.
Brigelius-Flohé R, Traber MG (1 July 1999). "Vitamin E: function and metabolism". FASEB J. 13 (10): 1145–55. PMID 10385606.
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eheslnt 26 0 millikrm namnwxlnt 20 0 millikrm namnthwlisng 17 2 millikrm namnmakxk 12 0 millikrm namnemldfin 11 4 millikrm thwlisng 9 0 millikrm rakhaw 2 4 millikrm khawophd 2 0 millikrm emldfin 1 8 millikrm hnximfrng 1 5 millikrm khawoxt 1 5 millikrm ekald 1 2 millikrm maphraw 1 0 millikrm maekhuxeths 0 9 millikrm wxlnt 0 7 millikrm aekhrxt 0 6 millikrm nmaepha 0 1 millikrm orkhphrxng aekikhdubthkhwamhlkthi orkhphrxngwitaminxi orkhphrxngwitaminxithaihekidorkhthangrabbprasath echn orkhklamenuxesiykarprasanngancaksmxngnxyaelaikhsnhlngorkhklamenuxaelaolhitcang 10 xangxing aekikh 1 0 1 1 Wagner Karl Heinz Afaf Kamal Eldin Ibrahim Elmadfa 2004 Gamma tocopherol an underestimated vitamin Annals of nutrition and metabolism 48 3 169 88 doi 10 1159 000079555 PMID 15256801 In North America the intake of g tocopherol has been estimated to exceed that of a tocopherol by a factor of 2 4 due to the fact that soybean oil is the predominant vegetable oil in the American diet 76 4 followed by corn oil and canola oil both 7 The supply of dietary fats is much more diverse in Europe The oils mainly consumed in Europe i e sunflower olive and canola oil provide less g tocopherol but more a tocopherol T he ratio of a g tocopherol is at least 1 2 Therefore the average g tocopherol intake can be estimated as 4 6 mg day which is about 25 35 of the USA intake In accordance with the lower estimated European intake of g tocopherol the serum levels of g tocopherol in European populations are 4 20 times lower than that of a tocopherol Jiang Q Christen S Shigenaga MK Ames BN 2001 gamma tocopherol the major form of vitamin E in the US diet deserves more attention The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74 6 714 22 PMID 11722951 US Food and Drug Administration Listing of Food Additives Status Part II khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux November 8 2011 subkhnemux 2011 10 27 Unknown parameter deadurl ignored help UK Food Standards Agency Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers subkhnemux 2011 10 27 Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code Standard 1 2 4 Labelling of ingredients subkhnemux 2011 10 27 Evans H M Emerson O H Emerson G A 1 February 1936 The isolation from wheat germ oil of an alcohol a tocopherol having the properties of vitamin E Journal of Biological Chemistry 113 1 319 332 khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 2007 09 29 subkhnemux 2016 06 06 Fernholz E 1938 On the Constitution of a Tocopherol Journal of the American Chemical Society 60 3 700 705 doi 10 1021 ja01270a057 J Bauernfeind in L J Machlin ed Vitamin E A Comprehensive Treatise Marcel Dekker New York 1980 p 99 USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference USDA Agricultural Research Service subkhnemux 2009 11 26 Brigelius Flohe R Traber MG 1 July 1999 Vitamin E function and metabolism FASEB J 13 10 1145 55 PMID 10385606 bthkhwamekiywkbekhminiyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodyephimkhxmul duephimthi sthaniyxy ekhmiekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title 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