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อักษรพราหมี

สำหรับอักษรที่มาจากอักษรพราหมี ดู ตระกูลอักษรพราหมี

อักษรพราหมี (ISO 15919: Brāhmī) เป็นระบบการเขียนในเอเชียใต้โบราณ ระบบการเขียนหรืออักษรพราหมี ถูกพัฒนาเป็นภาษาสากลในเอเชียเมื่อศตวรรษที่ 3 ก่อนคริสต์ศักราช และเป็นต้นกำเนิดของระบบการเขียนทั้งหมดในเอเชียใต้ ยกเว้นอักษรสินธุในสหัสวรรษที่ 3 ก่อนคริสต์ศักราช อักษรขโรษฐี ซึ่งมีที่มาจากภาคตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือของปากีสถานเมื่อศตวรรษที่ 5 หรือ 4 ก่อนคริสต์ศักราช อักษรอาหรับ–เปอร์เซียในสมัยกลาง และอักษรลาตินในสมัยใหม่ ตระกูลอักษรพราหมีไม่เพียงมีผู้ใช้ในเอเชียใต้อย่างเดียวเท่านั้น แต่ยังพบผู้ใช้ในเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ด้วย

อักษรพราหมี
อักษรพราหมีบนเสาอโศกที่สารนาถ (ประมาณ 250 ปีก่อนคริสตศักราช)
ชนิดอักษรสระประกอบ
ภาษาพูดภาษาสันสกฤต, ภาษาบาลี, ภาษาปรากฤต, ภาษากันนาดา, ภาษาทมิฬ, ภาษาซากา, โทแคเรียน
ช่วงยุคอย่างน้อยในศตวรรษที่ 3 ก่อนคริสต์ศักราช ถึงคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 5
ระบบแม่
อักษรไซนายดั้งเดิม?
ระบบลูกระบบการเขียนหลายแบบ
ระบบพี่น้องอักษรขโรษฐี
ช่วงยูนิโคดU+11000–U+1107F
ISO 15924Brah
ทฤษฎีต้นกำเนิดเซมิติกโดยทั่วไปไม่เป็นที่ยอมรับ
บทความนี้มีสัญลักษณ์สัทศาสตร์สัทอักษรสากล หากไม่มีการสนับสนุนเร็นเดอร์ที่เหมาะสม คุณอาจเห็นเครื่องหมายคำถาม กล่อง หรือสัญลักษณ์อื่นแทนอักขระยูนิโค้ด

อักษรพราหมีเป็นอักษรสระประกอบ ซึ่งใช้ระบบเครื่องหมายเสริมสัทอักษรเพื่อเชื่อมสระด้วยสัญลักษณ์พยัญชนะ ระบบการเขียนนี้ได้รับการพัฒนาเพียงเล็กน้อยในสมัยโมริยะ (ศตวรรษที่ 3 ก่อนคริสต์ศักราช) จนถึงสมัยจักรวรรดิคุปตะตอนต้น (คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 4) กล่าวกันว่าผู้ที่อ่านหนังสือออกสามารถอ่านและเข้าใจจารึกโมริยะจนถึงคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 4 บางครั้งในช่วงหลัง ความสามารถในการอ่านอักษรพราหมีแบบดั้งเดิมได้สูญหายไปแล้ว จารึกพราหมีที่เป็นที่รู้จักมากที่สุดและเก่าแก่ที่สุด (ลงวันที่แน่นอน) คือพระราชกฤษฎีกาของอโศกในประเทศอินเดียที่สืบไปถึง 250–232 ปีก่อนคริสต์ศักราช การถอดความอักษรพราหมีกลายเป็นจุดสนใจของนักวิชาการชาวยุโรปในช่วงต้นคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 ในสมัยการปกครองของบริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกในอินเดีย โดยเฉพาะสมาคมเอเชียแห่งเบงกอลในโกลกาตา James Prinsep เลขานุการสมาคม เป็นผู้ถอดความอักษรพราหมี แล้วบันทึกลงในบทความวิชาการในวารสารสมาคมในคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1830 ความก้าวหน้าในการถอดความของเขาทำให้เกิดผลงานของChristian Lassen, Edwin Norris, H. H. Wilson และAlexander Cunningham กับคนอื่น ๆ

ต้นกำเนิดของคำนี้ยังคงมีการโต้แย้ง โดยนักวิชาการส่วนใหญ่กล่าวว่าพราหมีมาจากหรืออย่างน้อยได้รับอิทธิพลจากอักษรเซมิติกอย่างน้อยหนึ่งอันหรือมากกว่า ในขณะที่อีกกลุ่มกล่าวว่าอักษรนี้มีต้นกำเนิดหรือการเชื่อมโยงแบบพื้นเมืองของอักษรสินธุแห่งอารยธรรมลุ่มแม่น้ำสินธุที่เก่าแก่กว่าและยังถอดความไม่ได้ อักษรพราหมีเคยถูกเรียกในภาษาอังกฤษว่าอักษร "pin-man" และมีชื่อเรียกหลายแบบ เช่น "lath", "Laṭ", "อโศกใต้", "บาลีแบบอินเดีย" หรือ "เมารยะ" (Salomon 1998, p. 17) จนกระทั่งคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1880 เมื่อAlbert Étienne Jean Baptiste Terrien de Lacouperie เชื่อมโยงมันกับอักษรพราหมี ผ่านการอิงจากการสำรวจของ Gabriel Devéria รายชื่ออักษรแรกถูกกล่าวถึงในลลิตวิสตรสูตร ดังนั้น จึงเป็นที่มาของชื่อผลงานโดยGeorg Bühler, ถึงแม้ว่าคำนี้จะเป็นอีกรูปหนึ่งของ "พรหม" อักษรคุปตะในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 5 บางครั้งถูกเรียกเป็น "พราหมีตอนปลาย" อักษรในปัจจุบันหลายอันที่ใช้กันทั่วเอเชียใต้มีที่มาจากพราหมี ทำให้เป็นหนึ่งในรูปเขียนที่ทรงอิทธิพลที่สุดในโลก[ต้องการอ้างอิงเต็มรูปแบบ] ผลสำรวจหนึ่งพบว่ามีรูปอักษรที่มาจากอักษรนี้ถึง 198 อัน

ในศิลาจารึกของอโศก (ประมาณศตวรรษที่ 3 ก่อนคริสต์ศักราช) ซึ่งเขียนด้วยอักษรพราหมี มีตัวเลขไม่กี่ตัว โดยถูกเรียกว่าตัวเลขพราหมี ตัวเลขนี้สามารถบวกหรือคูณได้ และไม่ใช่ค่าประจำหลัก ไม่มีใครทราบว่า ระบบพื้นฐานของการนับมีส่วนเชื่อมโยงกับอักษรพราหมีหรือไม่ แต่ในครึ่งหลังของคริสต์สหัสวรรษที่ 1 จารึกในอินเดียบางส่วนและเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ที่เขียนด้วยอักษรที่มาจากพราหมีมีตัวเลขที่มีค่าฐานสิบ และถือเป็นตัวอย่างแรกสุดของระบบตัวเลขฮินดู–อารบิกที่ใช้กันทั่วโลก อย่างไรก็ตาม ระบบพื้นฐานของการนับมีความเก่าแก่กว่า โดยตัวอย่างที่ส่งแบบปากเปล่าที่ได้รับการยืนยันครั้งแรกสุดอยู่ในช่วงกลางของคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 3 ในการปรับตัวร้อยแก้วภาษาสันสกฤตของผลงานโหราศาสตร์กรีกที่หายสาบสูญ

ตัวอักษร

สระ

 
สระจม
สระลอย เสียง สระจม เสียง สระลอย เสียง สระจม เสียง
𑀅 a /ə/ 𑀓 ka /kə/ 𑀆 ā /aː/ 𑀓𑀸  /kaː/
𑀇 i /i/ 𑀓𑀺 ki /ki/ 𑀈 ī /iː/ 𑀓𑀻  /kiː/
𑀉 u /u/ 𑀓𑀼 ku /ku/ 𑀊 ū /uː/ 𑀓𑀽  /kuː/
𑀏 e /eː/ 𑀓𑁂 ke /keː/ 𑀐 ai /əi/ 𑀓𑁃 kai /kəi/
𑀑 o /oː/ 𑀓𑁄 ko /koː/ 𑀒 au /əu/ 𑀓𑁅 kau /kəu/

พยัญชนะ

เสียงระเบิด เสียงนาสิก เสียงเปิด เสียงเสียดแทรก
การออกเสียง → ไม่ก้อง ก้อง ไม่ก้อง ก้อง
เสียงธนิต → ไม่ ใช่ ไม่ ใช่ ไม่ ใช่
เสียงเพดานอ่อน 𑀓 ka/k/ 𑀔 kha /kʰ/ 𑀕 ga /ɡ/ 𑀖 gha /ɡʱ/ 𑀗 ṅa /ŋ/ 𑀳 ha /ɦ/
เพดานแข็ง 𑀘 ca /c/ 𑀙 cha /cʰ/ 𑀚 ja /ɟ/ 𑀛 jha /ɟʱ/ 𑀜 ña /ɲ/ 𑀬 ya /j/ 𑀰 śa /ɕ/
ปลายลิ้นม้วน 𑀝 ṭa /ʈ/ 𑀞 ṭha /ʈʰ/ 𑀟 ḍa /ɖ/ 𑀠 ḍha /ɖʱ/ 𑀡 ṇa /ɳ/ 𑀭 ra /r/ 𑀱 ṣa /ʂ/
ฟัน 𑀢 ta /t̪/ 𑀣 tha /t̪ʰ/ 𑀤 da /d̪/ 𑀥 dha /d̪ʱ/ 𑀦 na /n/ 𑀮 la /l/ 𑀲 sa /s/
ริมฝีปาก 𑀧 pa /p/ 𑀨 pha /pʰ/ 𑀩 ba /b/ 𑀪 bha /bʱ/ 𑀫 ma /m/ 𑀯 va /w, ʋ/
-ะ 𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗 𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜 𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡 𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦 𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫 𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯 𑀰 𑀱 𑀲 𑀳 𑀴
-า 𑀓𑀸 𑀔𑀸 𑀕𑀸 𑀖𑀸 𑀗𑀸 𑀘𑀸 𑀙𑀸 𑀚𑀸 𑀛𑀸 𑀜𑀸 𑀝𑀸 𑀞𑀸 𑀟𑀸 𑀠𑀸 𑀡𑀸 𑀢𑀸 𑀣𑀸 𑀤𑀸 𑀥𑀸 𑀦𑀸 𑀧𑀸 𑀨𑀸 𑀩𑀸 𑀪𑀸 𑀫𑀸 𑀬𑀸 𑀭𑀸 𑀮𑀸 𑀯𑀸 𑀰𑀸 𑀱𑀸 𑀲𑀸 𑀳𑀸 𑀴𑀸
-ิ 𑀓𑀺 𑀔𑀺 𑀕𑀺 𑀖𑀺 𑀗𑀺 𑀘𑀺 𑀙𑀺 𑀚𑀺 𑀛𑀺 𑀜𑀺 𑀝𑀺 𑀞𑀺 𑀟𑀺 𑀠𑀺 𑀡𑀺 𑀢𑀺 𑀣𑀺 𑀤𑀺 𑀥𑀺 𑀦𑀺 𑀧𑀺 𑀨𑀺 𑀩𑀺 𑀪𑀺 𑀫𑀺 𑀬𑀺 𑀭𑀺 𑀮𑀺 𑀯𑀺 𑀰𑀺 𑀱𑀺 𑀲𑀺 𑀳𑀺 𑀴𑀺
-ี 𑀓𑀻 𑀔𑀻 𑀕𑀻 𑀖𑀻 𑀗𑀻 𑀘𑀻 𑀙𑀻 𑀚𑀻 𑀛𑀻 𑀜𑀻 𑀝𑀻 𑀞𑀻 𑀟𑀻 𑀠𑀻 𑀡𑀻 𑀢𑀻 𑀣𑀻 𑀤𑀻 𑀥𑀻 𑀦𑀻 𑀧𑀻 𑀨𑀻 𑀩𑀻 𑀪𑀻 𑀫𑀻 𑀬𑀻 𑀭𑀻 𑀮𑀻 𑀯𑀻 𑀰𑀻 𑀱𑀻 𑀲𑀻 𑀳𑀻 𑀴𑀻
-ุ 𑀓𑀼 𑀔𑀼 𑀕𑀼 𑀖𑀼 𑀗𑀼 𑀘𑀼 𑀙𑀼 𑀚𑀼 𑀛𑀼 𑀜𑀼 𑀝𑀼 𑀞𑀼 𑀟𑀼 𑀠𑀼 𑀡𑀼 𑀢𑀼 𑀣𑀼 𑀤𑀼 𑀥𑀼 𑀦𑀼 𑀧𑀼 𑀨𑀼 𑀩𑀼 𑀪𑀼 𑀫𑀼 𑀬𑀼 𑀭𑀼 𑀮𑀼 𑀯𑀼 𑀰𑀼 𑀱𑀼 𑀲𑀼 𑀳𑀼 𑀴𑀼
-ู 𑀓𑀽 𑀔𑀽 𑀕𑀽 𑀖𑀽 𑀗𑀽 𑀘𑀽 𑀙𑀽 𑀚𑀽 𑀛𑀽 𑀜𑀽 𑀝𑀽 𑀞𑀽 𑀟𑀽 𑀠𑀽 𑀡 𑀢𑀽 𑀣𑀽 𑀤𑀽 𑀥𑀽 𑀦𑀽 𑀧𑀽 𑀨𑀽 𑀩𑀽 𑀪𑀽 𑀫𑀽 𑀬𑀽 𑀭𑀽 𑀮𑀽 𑀯𑀽 𑀰𑀽 𑀱𑀽 𑀲𑀽 𑀳𑀽 𑀴𑀽
เ- 𑀓𑁂 𑀔𑁂 𑀕𑁂 𑀖𑁂 𑀗𑁂 𑀘𑁂 𑀙𑁂 𑀚𑁂 𑀛𑁂 𑀜𑁂 𑀝𑁂 𑀞𑁂 𑀟𑁂 𑀠𑁂 𑀡 𑀢𑁂 𑀣𑁂 𑀤𑁂 𑀥𑁂 𑀦𑁂 𑀧𑁂 𑀨𑁂 𑀩𑁂 𑀪𑁂 𑀫𑁂 𑀬𑁂 𑀭𑁂 𑀮𑁂 𑀯𑁂 𑀰𑁂 𑀱𑁂 𑀲𑁂 𑀳𑁂 𑀴𑁂
โ- 𑀓𑁄 𑀔𑁄 𑀕𑁄 𑀖𑁄 𑀗𑁄 𑀘𑁄 𑀙𑁄 𑀚𑁄 𑀛𑁄 𑀜𑁄 𑀝𑁄 𑀞𑁄 𑀟𑁄 𑀠𑁄 𑀡 𑀢𑁄 𑀣𑁄 𑀤𑁄 𑀥𑁄 𑀦𑁄 𑀧𑁄 𑀨𑁄 𑀩𑁄 𑀪𑁄 𑀫𑁄 𑀬𑁄 𑀭𑁄 𑀮𑁄 𑀯𑁄 𑀰𑁄 𑀱𑁄 𑀲𑁄 𑀳𑁄 𑀴𑁄
-ํ 𑀓𑁆 𑀔𑁆 𑀕𑁆 𑀖𑁆 𑀗𑁆 𑀘𑁆 𑀙𑁆 𑀚𑁆 𑀛𑁆 𑀜𑁆 𑀝𑁆 𑀞𑁆 𑀟𑁆 𑀠𑁆 𑀡𑁆 𑀢𑁆 𑀣𑁆 𑀤𑁆 𑀥𑁆 𑀦𑁆 𑀧𑁆 𑀨𑁆 𑀩𑁆 𑀪𑁆 𑀫𑁆 𑀬𑁆 𑀭𑁆 𑀮𑁆 𑀯𑁆 𑀰𑁆 𑀱𑁆 𑀲𑁆 𑀳𑁆 𑀴𑁆

อ้างอิง

  1. Salomon 1998, pp. 11–13.
  2. Salomon 1998, p. 20.
  3. Salomon 1998, p. 17 Quote: " Until the late nineteenth century, the script of the Aśokan (non-Kharosthi) inscriptions and its immediate derivatives was referred to by various names such as “lath” or “Lat,” “Southern Aśokan,” “Indian Pali,” “Mauryan,” and so on. The application to it of the name Brahmi [sc. lipi], which stands at the head of the Buddhist and Jaina script lists, was first suggested by T[errien] de Lacouperie, who noted that in the Chinese Buddhist encyclopedia Fa yiian chu lin the scripts whose names corresponded to the Brahmi and Kharosthi of the Lalitavistara are described as written from left to right and from right to left, respectively. He therefore suggested that the name Brahmi should refer to the left-to-right “Indo-Pali” script of the Aśokan pillar inscriptions, and Kharosthi to the right-to-left “Bactro-Pali” script of the rock inscriptions from the northwest."
  4. Salomon 1998, p. 17 Quote: "... the Brahmi script appeared in the third century B.c. as a fully developed pan-Indian national script (sometimes used as a second script even within the proper territory of Kharosthi in the north-west) and continued to play this role throughout history, becoming the parent of all of the modern Indic scripts both within India and beyond. Thus, with the exceptions of the Indus script in the protohistoric period, of Kharosthi in the northwest in the ancient period, and of the Perso–Arabic and European scripts in the medieval and modern periods, respectively, the history of writing in India is virtually synonymous with the history of the Brahmi script and its derivatives.
  5. Salomon 1998, pp. 42–46 "The presumptive homeland and principal area of the use of Kharoṣțhī script ... was the territory along and around the Indus, Swat, and Kabul River Valleys of the modern North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan; ... [pp. 42–44] In short, there is no clear evidence to allow us to specify the date of the origin of Kharoṣțhī with any more precision than sometime in the fourth, or possibly the fifth, century B.C. [p. 46]"
  6. Salomon 1998, pp. 19–30.
  7. Salomon, Richard (1995). . Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (2): 271–279. คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ 2019-05-22. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2013-06-18.
  8. "Brahmi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1999. Among the many descendants of Brāhmī are Devanāgarī (used for Sanskrit, Hindi and other Indian languages), the Bengali and Gujarati scripts and those of the Dravidian languages
  9. Beckwith, Christopher I. (2017). Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Princeton University Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-691-17632-1.
  10. Lahiri, Nayanjot (2015), Ashoka in Ancient India, Harvard University Press, pp. 14, 15, ISBN 978-0-674-05777-7, Facsimiles of the objects and writings unearthed—from pillars in North India to rocks in Orissa and Gujarat—found their way to the Asiatic Society of Bengal. The meetings and publications of the Society provided an unusually fertile environment for innovative speculation, with scholars constantly exchanging notes on, for instance, how they had deciphered the Brahmi letters of various epigraphs from Samudragupta’s Allahabad pillar inscription, to the Karle cave inscriptions. The Eureka moment came in 1837 when James Prinsep, a brilliant secretary of the Asiatic Society, building on earlier pools of epigraphic knowledge, very quickly uncovered the key to the extinct Mauryan Brahmi script. Prinsep unlocked Ashoka; his deciphering of the script made it possible to read the inscriptions.
  11. Thapar, Romila (2004), Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300, University of California Press, pp. 11, 178–179, ISBN 978-0-520-24225-8, The nineteenth century saw considerable advances in what came to be called Indology, the study of India by non-Indians using methods of investigation developed by European scholars in the nineteenth century. In India the use of modern techniques to ‘rediscover’ the past came into practice. Among these was the decipherment of the brahmi script, largely by James Prinsep. Many inscriptions pertaining to the early past were written in brahmi, but knowledge of how to read the script had been lost. Since inscriptions form the annals of Indian history, this decipherment was a major advance that led to the gradual unfolding of the past from sources other than religious and literary texts. (p. 11) ... Until about a hundred years ago in India, Ashoka was merely one of the many kings mentioned in the Mauryan dynastic list included in the Puranas. Elsewhere in the Buddhist tradition he was referred to as a chakravartin, ..., a universal monarch but this tradition had become extinct in India after the decline of Buddhism. However, in 1837, James Prinsep deciphered an inscription written in the earliest Indian script since the Harappan, brahmi. There were many inscriptions in which the King referred to himself as Devanampiya Piyadassi (the beloved of the gods, Piyadassi). The name did not tally with any mentioned in the dynastic lists, although it was mentioned in the Buddhist chronicles of Sri Lanka. Slowly the clues were put together but the final confirmation came in 1915, with the discovery of yet another version of the edicts in which the King calls himself Devanampiya Ashoka. (pp. 178-179)
  12. Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE–200 CE, Cambridge University Press, pp. 71–72, ISBN 978-0-521-84697-4, Like William Jones, Prinsep was also an important figure within the Asiatic Society and is best known for deciphering early Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts. He was something of a polymath, undertaking research into chemistry, meteorology, Indian scriptures, numismatics, archaeology and mineral resources, while fulfilling the role of Assay Master of the East India Company mint in East Bengal (Kolkatta). It was his interest in coins and inscriptions that made him such an important figure in the history of South Asian archaeology, utilising inscribed Indo-Greek coins to decipher Kharosthi and pursuing earlier scholarly work to decipher Brahmi. This work was key to understanding a large part of the Early Historical period in South Asia ...
  13. Kopf, David (2021), British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1773-1835, Univ of California Press, pp. 265–266, ISBN 978-0-520-36163-8, In 1837, four years after Wilson's departure, James Prinsep, then Secretary of the Asiatic Society, unravelled the mystery of the Brahmi script and thus was able to read the edicts of the great Emperor Asoka. The rediscovery of Buddhist India was the last great achievement of the British orientalists. The later discoveries would be made by Continental Orientalists or by Indians themselves.
  14. Verma, Anjali (2018), Women and Society in Early Medieval India: Re-interpreting Epigraphs, London: Routledge, pp. 27–, ISBN 978-0-429-82642-9, In 1836, James Prinsep published a long series of facsimiles of ancient inscriptions, and this series continued in volumes of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. The credit for decipherment of the Brahmi script goes to James Prinsep and thereafter Georg Buhler prepared complete and scientific tables of Brahmi and Khrosthi scripts.
  15. Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016), A History of India, London: Routledge, pp. 39–, ISBN 978-1-317-24212-3, Ashoka’s reign of more than three decades is the first fairly well-documented period of Indian history. Ashoka left us a series of great inscriptions (major rock edicts, minor rock edicts, pillar edicts) which are among the most important records of India’s past. Ever since they were discovered and deciphered by the British scholar James Prinsep in the 1830s, several generations of Indologists and historians have studied these inscriptions with great care.
  16. Wolpert, Stanley A. (2009), A New History of India, Oxford University Press, p. 62, ISBN 978-0-19-533756-3, James Prinsep, an amateur epigraphist who worked in the British mint in Calcutta, first deciphered the Brāhmi script.
  17. Chakrabarti, Pratik (2020), Inscriptions of Nature: Geology and the Naturalization of Antiquity, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 48–, ISBN 978-1-4214-3874-0, Prinsep, the Orientalist scholar, as the secretary of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1832-39), oversaw one of the most productive periods of numismatic and epigraphic study in nineteenth-century India. Between 1833 and 1838, Prinsep published a series of papers based on Indo-Greek coins and his deciphering of Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts.
  18. Salomon 1998, pp. 204–205 "Prinsep came to India in 1819 as assistant to the assay master of the Calcutta Mint and remained until 1838, when he returned to England for reasons of health. During this period Prinsep made a long series of discoveries in the fields of epigraphy and numismatics as well as in the natural sciences and technical fields. But he is best known for his breakthroughs in the decipherment of the Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts. ... Although Prinsep's final decipherment was ultimately to rely on paleographic and contextual rather than statistical methods, it is still no less a tribute to his genius that he should have thought to apply such modern techniques to his problem."
  19. Sircar, D.C. (2017). Indian Epigraphy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-81-208-4103-1. The work of the reconstruction of the early period of Indian history was inaugurated by European scholars in the 18th century. Later on, Indians also became interested in the subject. The credit for the decipherment of early Indian inscriptions, written in the Brahmi and Kharosthi alphabets, which paved the way for epigraphical and historical studies in India, is due to scholars like Prinsep, Lassen, Norris and Cunningham. Unknown parameter |orig-date= ignored (help)
  20. Garg, Sanjay (2017). "Charles Masson: A footloose antiquarian in Afghanistan and the building up of numismatic collections in museums in India and England". ใน Himanshu Prabha Ray (บ.ก.). Buddhism and Gandhara: An Archaeology of Museum Collections. Taylor & Francis. pp. 181–. ISBN 978-1-351-25274-4.
  21. Scharfe, Hartmut (2002). "Kharosti and Brahmi". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 122 (2): 391–393. doi:10.2307/3087634. JSTOR 3087634.
  22. Keay 2000, p. 129–131.
  23. Falk 1993, p. 106.
  24. Rajgor 2007.
  25. Trautmann 2006, p. 64.
  26. Plofker 2009, pp. 44–45.
  27. Plofker 2009, p. 45.
  28. Plofker 2009, p. 47"A firm upper bound for the date of this invention is attested by a Sanskrit text of the mid-third century CE, the Yavana-jātaka or “Greek horoscopy” of one Sphujidhvaja, which is a versified form of a translated Greek work on astrology. Some numbers in this text appear in concrete number format"
  29. Hayashi 2003, p. 119.
  30. Plofker 2007, pp. 396–397.

บรรณานุกรม

  • Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus (2011). Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-024003-0.
  • Bühler, Georg (1898). On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet. Strassburg K.J. Trübner.
  • Deraniyagala, Siran (2004). The Prehistory of Sri Lanka: An Ecological Perspective. Department of Archaeological Survey, Government of Sri Lanka. ISBN 978-955-9159-00-1.
  • Falk, Harry (1993). Schrift im alten Indien: ein Forschungsbericht mit Anmerkungen (ภาษาเยอรมัน). Gunter Narr Verlag.
  • Gérard Fussman, Les premiers systèmes d'écriture en Inde, in Annuaire du Collège de France 1988–1989 (in French)
  • Hayashi, Takao (2003), "Indian Mathematics", ใน Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (บ.ก.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences, 1, pp. 118–130, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 976 pages, ISBN 978-0-8018-7396-6.
  • Oscar von Hinüber, Der Beginn der Schrift und frühe Schriftlichkeit in Indien, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990 (in German)
  • Keay, John (2000). India: A History. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5.
  • Ledyard, Gari (1994). The Korean Language Reform of 1446: The Origin, Background, and Early History of the Korean Alphabet. University Microfilms.
  • Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
  • Norman, Kenneth R. (1992). "The Development of Writing in India and its Effect upon the Pāli Canon". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies. 36 (Proceedings of the VIIIth World Sanskrit Conference Vienna): 239–249.
  • Patel, Purushottam G.; Pandey, Pramod; Rajgor, Dilip (2007). The Indic Scripts: Palaeographic and Linguistic Perspectives. D.K. Printworld. ISBN 978-81-246-0406-9.
  • Plofker, K. (2007), "Mathematics of India", ใน Katz, Victor J. (บ.ก.), The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 685 pages, pp 385–514, pp. 385–514, ISBN 978-0-691-11485-9.
  • Plofker, Kim (2009), Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-12067-6.
  • Rocher, Ludo (2014). Studies in Hindu Law and Dharmaśāstra. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-78308-315-2.
  • Salomon, Richard (1996). "Brahmi and Kharoshthi". ใน Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (บ.ก.). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
  • Salomon, Richard (1995). "On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (2): 271–279. doi:10.2307/604670. JSTOR 604670.
  • Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.
  • Trautmann, Thomas (2006). Languages and Nations: The Dravidian Proof in Colonial Madras. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24455-9.
  • Timmer, Barbara Catharina Jacoba (1930). Megasthenes en de Indische maatschappij. H.J. Paris.

อ่านเพิ่ม

  • Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., David S., บ.ก. (2017). "Brāhmī". The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press.
  • Hitch, Douglas A. (1989). "BRĀHMĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4. pp. 432–433.
  • Matthews, P. H. (2014). "Brahmi". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics (3 ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Red. (2017). "Brahmi-Schrift". Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens Online (ภาษาเยอรมัน). Brill Online.

แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น

  • "Brahmi Home". brahmi.sourceforge.net. of the Indian Institute of Science
  • "Ancient Scripts: Brahmi". www.ancientscripts.com.
  • "Brahmi Texts | Virtual Vinodh". www.virtualvinodh.com.
  • Indoskript 2.0, a paleographic database of Brahmi and Kharosthi

กษรพราหม, สำหร, บอ, กษรท, มาจาก, ตระก, 15919, brāhmī, เป, นระบบการเข, ยนในเอเช, ยใต, โบราณ, ระบบการเข, ยนหร, กพ, ฒนาเป, นภาษาสากลในเอเช, ยเม, อศตวรรษท, อนคร, สต, กราช, และเป, นต, นกำเน, ดของระบบการเข, ยนท, งหมดในเอเช, ยใต, ยกเว, นอ, กษรส, นธ, ในสห, สวรรษท, อนค. sahrbxksrthimacakxksrphrahmi du trakulxksrphrahmi xksrphrahmi ISO 15919 Brahmi epnrabbkarekhiyninexechiyitobran 3 rabbkarekhiynhruxxksrphrahmi thukphthnaepnphasasaklinexechiyemuxstwrrsthi 3 kxnkhristskrach 4 aelaepntnkaenidkhxngrabbkarekhiynthnghmdinexechiyit ykewnxksrsinthuinshswrrsthi 3 kxnkhristskrach xksrkhorsthi sungmithimacakphakhtawntkechiyngehnuxkhxngpakisthanemuxstwrrsthi 5 hrux 4 kxnkhristskrach 5 xksrxahrb epxresiyinsmyklang aelaxksrlatininsmyihm 4 trakulxksrphrahmiimephiyngmiphuichinexechiyitxyangediywethann aetyngphbphuichinexechiytawnxxkechiyngitdwy 6 7 8 xksrphrahmixksrphrahmibnesaxoskthisarnath praman 250 pikxnkhristskrach chnidxksrsraprakxbphasaphudphasasnskvt phasabali phasaprakvt phasaknnada phasathmil phasasaka othaekheriynchwngyukhxyangnxyinstwrrsthi 3 kxnkhristskrach 1 thungkhriststwrrsthi 5rabbaemxksrisnaydngedim chudtwxksrfiniechiy chudtwxksraexraemxik xksrphrahmirabblukrabbkarekhiynhlayaebbrabbphinxngxksrkhorsthichwngyuniokhdU 11000 U 1107FISO 15924Brahthvsditnkaenidesmitikodythwipimepnthiyxmrb 2 bthkhwamnimisylksnsthsastrsthxksrsakl hakimmikarsnbsnunernedxrthiehmaasm khunxacehnekhruxnghmaykhatham klxng hruxsylksnxunaethnxkkhrayuniokhdxksrphrahmiepnxksrsraprakxb sungichrabbekhruxnghmayesrimsthxksrephuxechuxmsradwysylksnphyychna rabbkarekhiynniidrbkarphthnaephiyngelknxyinsmyomriya stwrrsthi 3 kxnkhristskrach cnthungsmyckrwrrdikhuptatxntn khriststwrrsthi 4 klawknwaphuthixanhnngsuxxxksamarthxanaelaekhaiccarukomriyacnthungkhriststwrrsthi 4 9 bangkhrnginchwnghlng khwamsamarthinkarxanxksrphrahmiaebbdngedimidsuyhayipaelw carukphrahmithiepnthiruckmakthisudaelaekaaekthisud lngwnthiaennxn khuxphrarachkvsdikakhxngxoskinpraethsxinediythisubipthung 250 232 pikxnkhristskrach karthxdkhwamxksrphrahmiklayepncudsnickhxngnkwichakarchawyuorpinchwngtnkhriststwrrsthi 19 insmykarpkkhrxngkhxngbristhxinediytawnxxkinxinediy odyechphaasmakhmexechiyaehngebngkxlinoklkata 10 11 12 13 James Prinsep elkhanukarsmakhm epnphuthxdkhwamxksrphrahmi aelwbnthuklnginbthkhwamwichakarinwarsarsmakhminkhristthswrrs 1830 14 15 16 17 khwamkawhnainkarthxdkhwamkhxngekhathaihekidphlngankhxngChristian Lassen Edwin Norris H H Wilson aelaAlexander Cunningham kbkhnxun 18 19 20 tnkaenidkhxngkhaniyngkhngmikarotaeyng odynkwichakarswnihyklawwaphrahmimacakhruxxyangnxyidrbxiththiphlcakxksresmitikxyangnxyhnungxnhruxmakkwa inkhnathixikklumklawwaxksrnimitnkaenidhruxkarechuxmoyngaebbphunemuxngkhxngxksrsinthuaehngxarythrrmlumaemnasinthuthiekaaekkwaaelayngthxdkhwamimid 2 21 xksrphrahmiekhythukeriykinphasaxngkvswaxksr pin man 22 aelamichuxeriykhlayaebb echn lath Laṭ xoskit baliaebbxinediy hrux emarya Salomon 1998 p 17 cnkrathngkhristthswrrs 1880 emuxAlbert Etienne Jean Baptiste Terrien de Lacouperie echuxmoyngmnkbxksrphrahmi phankarxingcakkarsarwckhxng Gabriel Deveria raychuxxksraerkthukklawthunginllitwistrsutr dngnn cungepnthimakhxngchuxphlnganodyGeorg Buhler thungaemwakhanicaepnxikruphnungkhxng phrhm 23 xksrkhuptainkhriststwrrsthi 5 bangkhrngthukeriykepn phrahmitxnplay xksrinpccubnhlayxnthiichknthwexechiyitmithimacakphrahmi thaihepnhnunginrupekhiynthithrngxiththiphlthisudinolk 24 txngkarxangxingetmrupaebb phlsarwchnungphbwamirupxksrthimacakxksrnithung 198 xn 25 insilacarukkhxngxosk pramanstwrrsthi 3 kxnkhristskrach sungekhiyndwyxksrphrahmi mitwelkhimkitw odythukeriykwatwelkhphrahmi 26 twelkhnisamarthbwkhruxkhunid aelaimichkhapracahlk 26 immiikhrthrabwa rabbphunthankhxngkarnbmiswnechuxmoyngkbxksrphrahmihruxim 26 aetinkhrunghlngkhxngkhristshswrrsthi 1 carukinxinediybangswnaelaexechiytawnxxkechiyngitthiekhiyndwyxksrthimacakphrahmimitwelkhthimikhathansib aelathuxepntwxyangaerksudkhxngrabbtwelkhhindu xarbikthiichknthwolk 27 xyangirktam rabbphunthankhxngkarnbmikhwamekaaekkwa odytwxyangthisngaebbpakeplathiidrbkaryunynkhrngaerksudxyuinchwngklangkhxngkhriststwrrsthi 3 inkarprbtwrxyaekwphasasnskvtkhxngphlnganohrasastrkrikthihaysabsuy 28 29 30 enuxha 1 twxksr 1 1 sra 1 2 phyychna 2 xangxing 2 1 brrnanukrm 3 xanephim 4 aehlngkhxmulxuntwxksr aekikhsra aekikh sracm sralxy esiyng sracm esiyng sralxy esiyng sracm esiyng𑀅 a e 𑀓 ka ke 𑀆 a aː 𑀓 ka kaː 𑀇 i i 𑀓 ki ki 𑀈 i iː 𑀓 ki kiː 𑀉 u u 𑀓 ku ku 𑀊 u uː 𑀓 ku kuː 𑀏 e eː 𑀓 ke keː 𑀐 ai ei 𑀓 kai kei 𑀑 o oː 𑀓 ko koː 𑀒 au eu 𑀓 kau keu phyychna aekikh esiyngraebid esiyngnasik esiyngepid esiyngesiydaethrkkarxxkesiyng imkxng kxng imkxng kxngesiyngthnit im ich im ich im ichesiyngephdanxxn 𑀓 ka k 𑀔 kha kʰ 𑀕 ga ɡ 𑀖 gha ɡʱ 𑀗 ṅa ŋ 𑀳 ha ɦ ephdanaekhng 𑀘 ca c 𑀙 cha cʰ 𑀚 ja ɟ 𑀛 jha ɟʱ 𑀜 na ɲ 𑀬 ya j 𑀰 sa ɕ playlinmwn 𑀝 ṭa ʈ 𑀞 ṭha ʈʰ 𑀟 ḍa ɖ 𑀠 ḍha ɖʱ 𑀡 ṇa ɳ 𑀭 ra r 𑀱 ṣa ʂ fn 𑀢 ta t 𑀣 tha t ʰ 𑀤 da d 𑀥 dha d ʱ 𑀦 na n 𑀮 la l 𑀲 sa s rimfipak 𑀧 pa p 𑀨 pha pʰ 𑀩 ba b 𑀪 bha bʱ 𑀫 ma m 𑀯 va w ʋ k kh kh kh ng c ch ch ch y t th th th n t th th th n p ph ph ph m y r l w s ch s ch l a 𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗 𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜 𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡 𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦 𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫 𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯 𑀰 𑀱 𑀲 𑀳 𑀴 a 𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗 𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜 𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡 𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦 𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫 𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯 𑀰 𑀱 𑀲 𑀳 𑀴 i 𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗 𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜 𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡 𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦 𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫 𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯 𑀰 𑀱 𑀲 𑀳 𑀴 i 𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗 𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜 𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡 𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦 𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫 𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯 𑀰 𑀱 𑀲 𑀳 𑀴 u 𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗 𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜 𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡 𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦 𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫 𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯 𑀰 𑀱 𑀲 𑀳 𑀴 u 𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗 𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜 𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡 𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦 𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫 𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯 𑀰 𑀱 𑀲 𑀳 𑀴 e 𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗 𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜 𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡 𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦 𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫 𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯 𑀰 𑀱 𑀲 𑀳 𑀴 o 𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗 𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜 𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡 𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦 𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫 𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯 𑀰 𑀱 𑀲 𑀳 𑀴 𑀓 𑀔 𑀕 𑀖 𑀗 𑀘 𑀙 𑀚 𑀛 𑀜 𑀝 𑀞 𑀟 𑀠 𑀡 𑀢 𑀣 𑀤 𑀥 𑀦 𑀧 𑀨 𑀩 𑀪 𑀫 𑀬 𑀭 𑀮 𑀯 𑀰 𑀱 𑀲 𑀳 𑀴 xangxing aekikh Salomon 1998 pp 11 13 2 0 2 1 Salomon 1998 p 20 Salomon 1998 p 17 Quote Until the late nineteenth century the script of the Asokan non Kharosthi inscriptions and its immediate derivatives was referred to by various names such as lath or Lat Southern Asokan Indian Pali Mauryan and so on The application to it of the name Brahmi sc lipi which stands at the head of the Buddhist and Jaina script lists was first suggested by T errien de Lacouperie who noted that in the Chinese Buddhist encyclopedia Fa yiian chu lin the scripts whose names corresponded to the Brahmi and Kharosthi of the Lalitavistara are described as written from left to right and from right to left respectively He therefore suggested that the name Brahmi should refer to the left to right Indo Pali script of the Asokan pillar inscriptions and Kharosthi to the right to left Bactro Pali script of the rock inscriptions from the northwest 4 0 4 1 Salomon 1998 p 17 Quote the Brahmi script appeared in the third century B c as a fully developed pan Indian national script sometimes used as a second script even within the proper territory of Kharosthi in the north west and continued to play this role throughout history becoming the parent of all of the modern Indic scripts both within India and beyond Thus with the exceptions of the Indus script in the protohistoric period of Kharosthi in the northwest in the ancient period and of the Perso Arabic and European scripts in the medieval and modern periods respectively the history of writing in India is virtually synonymous with the history of the Brahmi script and its derivatives Salomon 1998 pp 42 46 The presumptive homeland and principal area of the use of Kharoṣțhi script was the territory along and around the Indus Swat and Kabul River Valleys of the modern North West Frontier Province of Pakistan pp 42 44 In short there is no clear evidence to allow us to specify the date of the origin of Kharoṣțhi with any more precision than sometime in the fourth or possibly the fifth century B C p 46 Salomon 1998 pp 19 30 Salomon Richard 1995 On The Origin Of The Early Indian Scripts A Review Article Journal of the American Oriental Society 115 2 271 279 khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 2019 05 22 subkhnemux 2013 06 18 Brahmi Encyclopedia Britannica 1999 Among the many descendants of Brahmi are Devanagari used for Sanskrit Hindi and other Indian languages the Bengali and Gujarati scripts and those of the Dravidian languages Beckwith Christopher I 2017 Greek Buddha Pyrrho s Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia phasaxngkvs Princeton University Press p 242 ISBN 978 0 691 17632 1 Lahiri Nayanjot 2015 Ashoka in Ancient India Harvard University Press pp 14 15 ISBN 978 0 674 05777 7 Facsimiles of the objects and writings unearthed from pillars in North India to rocks in Orissa and Gujarat found their way to the Asiatic Society of Bengal The meetings and publications of the Society provided an unusually fertile environment for innovative speculation with scholars constantly exchanging notes on for instance how they had deciphered the Brahmi letters of various epigraphs from Samudragupta s Allahabad pillar inscription to the Karle cave inscriptions The Eureka moment came in 1837 when James Prinsep a brilliant secretary of the Asiatic Society building on earlier pools of epigraphic knowledge very quickly uncovered the key to the extinct Mauryan Brahmi script Prinsep unlocked Ashoka his deciphering of the script made it possible to read the inscriptions Thapar Romila 2004 Early India From the Origins to AD 1300 University of California Press pp 11 178 179 ISBN 978 0 520 24225 8 The nineteenth century saw considerable advances in what came to be called Indology the study of India by non Indians using methods of investigation developed by European scholars in the nineteenth century In India the use of modern techniques to rediscover the past came into practice Among these was the decipherment of the brahmi script largely by James Prinsep Many inscriptions pertaining to the early past were written in brahmi but knowledge of how to read the script had been lost Since inscriptions form the annals of Indian history this decipherment was a major advance that led to the gradual unfolding of the past from sources other than religious and literary texts p 11 Until about a hundred years ago in India Ashoka was merely one of the many kings mentioned in the Mauryan dynastic list included in the Puranas Elsewhere in the Buddhist tradition he was referred to as a chakravartin a universal monarch but this tradition had become extinct in India after the decline of Buddhism However in 1837 James Prinsep deciphered an inscription written in the earliest Indian script since the Harappan brahmi There were many inscriptions in which the King referred to himself as Devanampiya Piyadassi the beloved of the gods Piyadassi The name did not tally with any mentioned in the dynastic lists although it was mentioned in the Buddhist chronicles of Sri Lanka Slowly the clues were put together but the final confirmation came in 1915 with the discovery of yet another version of the edicts in which the King calls himself Devanampiya Ashoka pp 178 179 Coningham Robin Young Ruth 2015 The Archaeology of South Asia From the Indus to Asoka c 6500 BCE 200 CE Cambridge University Press pp 71 72 ISBN 978 0 521 84697 4 Like William Jones Prinsep was also an important figure within the Asiatic Society and is best known for deciphering early Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts He was something of a polymath undertaking research into chemistry meteorology Indian scriptures numismatics archaeology and mineral resources while fulfilling the role of Assay Master of the East India Company mint in East Bengal Kolkatta It was his interest in coins and inscriptions that made him such an important figure in the history of South Asian archaeology utilising inscribed Indo Greek coins to decipher Kharosthi and pursuing earlier scholarly work to decipher Brahmi This work was key to understanding a large part of the Early Historical period in South Asia Kopf David 2021 British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1773 1835 Univ of California Press pp 265 266 ISBN 978 0 520 36163 8 In 1837 four years after Wilson s departure James Prinsep then Secretary of the Asiatic Society unravelled the mystery of the Brahmi script and thus was able to read the edicts of the great Emperor Asoka The rediscovery of Buddhist India was the last great achievement of the British orientalists The later discoveries would be made by Continental Orientalists or by Indians themselves Verma Anjali 2018 Women and Society in Early Medieval India Re interpreting Epigraphs London Routledge pp 27 ISBN 978 0 429 82642 9 In 1836 James Prinsep published a long series of facsimiles of ancient inscriptions and this series continued in volumes of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal The credit for decipherment of the Brahmi script goes to James Prinsep and thereafter Georg Buhler prepared complete and scientific tables of Brahmi and Khrosthi scripts Kulke Hermann Rothermund Dietmar 2016 A History of India London Routledge pp 39 ISBN 978 1 317 24212 3 Ashoka s reign of more than three decades is the first fairly well documented period of Indian history Ashoka left us a series of great inscriptions major rock edicts minor rock edicts pillar edicts which are among the most important records of India s past Ever since they were discovered and deciphered by the British scholar James Prinsep in the 1830s several generations of Indologists and historians have studied these inscriptions with great care Wolpert Stanley A 2009 A New History of India Oxford University Press p 62 ISBN 978 0 19 533756 3 James Prinsep an amateur epigraphist who worked in the British mint in Calcutta first deciphered the Brahmi script Chakrabarti Pratik 2020 Inscriptions of Nature Geology and the Naturalization of Antiquity Johns Hopkins University Press pp 48 ISBN 978 1 4214 3874 0 Prinsep the Orientalist scholar as the secretary of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 1832 39 oversaw one of the most productive periods of numismatic and epigraphic study in nineteenth century India Between 1833 and 1838 Prinsep published a series of papers based on Indo Greek coins and his deciphering of Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts Salomon 1998 pp 204 205 Prinsep came to India in 1819 as assistant to the assay master of the Calcutta Mint and remained until 1838 when he returned to England for reasons of health During this period Prinsep made a long series of discoveries in the fields of epigraphy and numismatics as well as in the natural sciences and technical fields But he is best known for his breakthroughs in the decipherment of the Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts Although Prinsep s final decipherment was ultimately to rely on paleographic and contextual rather than statistical methods it is still no less a tribute to his genius that he should have thought to apply such modern techniques to his problem Sircar D C 2017 Indian Epigraphy Delhi Motilal Banarsidass pp 11 ISBN 978 81 208 4103 1 The work of the reconstruction of the early period of Indian history was inaugurated by European scholars in the 18th century Later on Indians also became interested in the subject The credit for the decipherment of early Indian inscriptions written in the Brahmi and Kharosthi alphabets which paved the way for epigraphical and historical studies in India is due to scholars like Prinsep Lassen Norris and Cunningham Unknown parameter orig date ignored help Garg Sanjay 2017 Charles Masson A footloose antiquarian in Afghanistan and the building up of numismatic collections in museums in India and England in Himanshu Prabha Ray b k Buddhism and Gandhara An Archaeology of Museum Collections Taylor amp Francis pp 181 ISBN 978 1 351 25274 4 Scharfe Hartmut 2002 Kharosti and Brahmi Journal of the American Oriental Society 122 2 391 393 doi 10 2307 3087634 JSTOR 3087634 Keay 2000 p 129 131 Falk 1993 p 106 Rajgor 2007 Trautmann 2006 p 64 26 0 26 1 26 2 Plofker 2009 pp 44 45 Plofker 2009 p 45 Plofker 2009 p 47 A firm upper bound for the date of this invention is attested by a Sanskrit text of the mid third century CE the Yavana jataka or Greek horoscopy of one Sphujidhvaja which is a versified form of a translated Greek work on astrology Some numbers in this text appear in concrete number format Hayashi 2003 p 119 Plofker 2007 pp 396 397 brrnanukrm aekikh Annette Wilke Oliver Moebus 2011 Sound and Communication An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 024003 0 Buhler Georg 1898 On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet Strassburg K J Trubner Deraniyagala Siran 2004 The Prehistory of Sri Lanka An Ecological Perspective Department of Archaeological Survey Government of Sri Lanka ISBN 978 955 9159 00 1 Falk Harry 1993 Schrift im alten Indien ein Forschungsbericht mit Anmerkungen phasaeyxrmn Gunter Narr Verlag Gerard Fussman Les premiers systemes d ecriture en Inde in Annuaire du College de France 1988 1989 in French Hayashi Takao 2003 Indian Mathematics in Grattan Guinness Ivor b k Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences 1 pp 118 130 Baltimore MD The Johns Hopkins University Press 976 pages ISBN 978 0 8018 7396 6 Oscar von Hinuber Der Beginn der Schrift und fruhe Schriftlichkeit in Indien Franz Steiner Verlag 1990 in German Keay John 2000 India A History Grove Press ISBN 978 0 8021 3797 5 Ledyard Gari 1994 The Korean Language Reform of 1446 The Origin Background and Early History of the Korean Alphabet University Microfilms Masica Colin 1993 The Indo Aryan Languages Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 29944 2 Norman Kenneth R 1992 The Development of Writing in India and its Effect upon the Pali Canon Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde Sudasiens Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies 36 Proceedings of the VIIIth World Sanskrit Conference Vienna 239 249 Patel Purushottam G Pandey Pramod Rajgor Dilip 2007 The Indic Scripts Palaeographic and Linguistic Perspectives D K Printworld ISBN 978 81 246 0406 9 Plofker K 2007 Mathematics of India in Katz Victor J b k The Mathematics of Egypt Mesopotamia China India and Islam A Sourcebook Princeton NJ Princeton University Press 685 pages pp 385 514 pp 385 514 ISBN 978 0 691 11485 9 Plofker Kim 2009 Mathematics in India 500 BCE 1800 CE Princeton NJ Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 12067 6 Rocher Ludo 2014 Studies in Hindu Law and Dharmasastra Anthem Press ISBN 978 1 78308 315 2 Salomon Richard 1996 Brahmi and Kharoshthi in Daniels Peter T Bright William b k The World s Writing Systems Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 507993 0 Salomon Richard 1995 On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts Journal of the American Oriental Society 115 2 271 279 doi 10 2307 604670 JSTOR 604670 Salomon Richard 1998 Indian Epigraphy A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit Prakrit and the other Indo Aryan Languages Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 535666 3 Trautmann Thomas 2006 Languages and Nations The Dravidian Proof in Colonial Madras University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 24455 9 Timmer Barbara Catharina Jacoba 1930 Megasthenes en de Indische maatschappij H J Paris xanephim aekikhBuswell Jr Robert E Lopez Jr David S b k 2017 Brahmi The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism Princeton University Press Hitch Douglas A 1989 BRAHMi Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol IV Fasc 4 pp 432 433 Matthews P H 2014 Brahmi The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics 3 ed Oxford University Press Red 2017 Brahmi Schrift Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens Online phasaeyxrmn Brill Online aehlngkhxmulxun aekikhkhxmmxns miphaphaelasuxekiywkb xksrphrahmi Brahmi Home brahmi sourceforge net of the Indian Institute of Science Ancient Scripts Brahmi www ancientscripts com Brahmi Texts Virtual Vinodh www virtualvinodh com Indoskript 2 0 a paleographic database of Brahmi and Kharosthi ekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title xksrphrahmi amp oldid 9770539, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,

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