Kunitzsch, The Transmission of Hindu-Arabic Numerals Reconsidered 2003, p. 7: "Les personnes qui se sont occupées de la science du calcul n'ont pas été d'accord sur une partie des formes de ces neuf signes; mais la plupart d'entre elles sont convenues de les former comme il suit."
Kunitzsch, The Transmission of Hindu-Arabic Numerals Reconsidered 2003, pp. 12–13: "While specimens of Western Arabic numerals from the early period—the tenth to thirteenth centuries—are still not available, we know at least that Hindu reckoning (called ḥisāb al-ghubār) was known in the West from the tenth century onward..."
Ifrah, Georges (1998). The universal history of numbers: from prehistory to the invention of the computer. Translated by David Bellos (from the French). London: Harvill Press. pp. 356–357. ISBN9781860463242.
ข้อมูล
Kunitzsch, Paul (2003), "The Transmission of Hindu-Arabic Numerals Reconsidered", ใน J. P. Hogendijk; A. I. Sabra (บ.ก.), The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives, MIT Press, pp. 3–22, ISBN978-0-262-19482-2
Plofker, Kim (2009), Mathematics in India, Princeton University Press, ISBN978-0-691-12067-6
อ่านเพิ่ม
Ore, Oystein (1988), "Hindu-Arabic numerals", Number Theory and Its History, Dover, pp. 19–24, ISBN0486656209.
Burnett, Charles (2006), "The Semantics of Indian Numerals in Arabic, Greek and Latin", Journal of Indian Philosophy, Springer-Netherlands, 34 (1–2): 15–30, doi:10.1007/s10781-005-8153-z, S2CID 170783929.
Encyclopædia Britannica (Kim Plofker) (2007), "mathematics, South Asian", Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 189 (4761): 1–12, Bibcode:1961Natur.189S.273., doi:10.1038/189273c0, S2CID 4288165, สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 May 2007.
Hayashi, Takao (1995), The Bakhshali Manuscript, An ancient Indian mathematical treatise, Groningen: Egbert Forsten, ISBN906980087X.
Ifrah, Georges (2000), A Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to Computers, New York: Wiley, ISBN0471393401.
Katz, Victor J., บ.ก. (20 July 2007), The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN978-0691114859.
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Hindu Arabic numerals Encyclopaedia Britannica Britannica Group 2017 Kunitzsch The Transmission of Hindu Arabic Numerals Reconsidered 2003 p 7 Les personnes qui se sont occupees de la science du calcul n ont pas ete d accord sur une partie des formes de ces neuf signes mais la plupart d entre elles sont convenues de les former comme il suit Kunitzsch The Transmission of Hindu Arabic Numerals Reconsidered 2003 p 5 Kunitzsch The Transmission of Hindu Arabic Numerals Reconsidered 2003 pp 12 13 While specimens of Western Arabic numerals from the early period the tenth to thirteenth centuries are still not available we know at least that Hindu reckoning called ḥisab al ghubar was known in the West from the tenth century onward Ifrah Georges 1998 The universal history of numbers from prehistory to the invention of the computer Translated by David Bellos from the French London Harvill Press pp 356 357 ISBN 9781860463242 khxmul aekikhKunitzsch Paul 2003 The Transmission of Hindu Arabic Numerals Reconsidered in J P Hogendijk A I Sabra b k The Enterprise of Science in Islam New Perspectives MIT Press pp 3 22 ISBN 978 0 262 19482 2 Plofker Kim 2009 Mathematics in India Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 12067 6xanephim aekikhOre Oystein 1988 Hindu Arabic numerals Number Theory and Its History Dover pp 19 24 ISBN 0486656209 Burnett Charles 2006 The Semantics of Indian Numerals in Arabic Greek and Latin Journal of Indian Philosophy Springer Netherlands 34 1 2 15 30 doi 10 1007 s10781 005 8153 z S2CID 170783929 Encyclopaedia Britannica Kim Plofker 2007 mathematics South Asian Encyclopaedia Britannica Online 189 4761 1 12 Bibcode 1961Natur 189S 273 doi 10 1038 189273c0 S2CID 4288165 subkhnemux 18 May 2007 Hayashi Takao 1995 The Bakhshali Manuscript An ancient Indian mathematical treatise Groningen Egbert Forsten ISBN 906980087X Ifrah Georges 2000 A Universal History of Numbers From Prehistory to Computers New York Wiley ISBN 0471393401 Katz Victor J b k 20 July 2007 The Mathematics of Egypt Mesopotamia China India and Islam A Sourcebook Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0691114859 aehlngkhxmulxun aekikhwikimiediykhxmmxns misuxthiekiywkhxngkb Arabic numerals hmwdhmu Development of Hindu Arabic and Traditional Chinese Arithmetic History of Counting Systems and Numerals Retrieved 11 December 2005 The Evolution of Numbers 16 April 2005 O Connor J J and Robertson E F Indian numerals November 2000 History of the numerals Arabic numerals Hindu Arabic numerals Numeral amp Numbers history and curiosities Gerbert d Aurillac s early use of Hindu Arabic numerals at Convergence bthkhwamekiywkbkhnitsastrniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodyephimkhxmul duephimthi sthaniyxy khnitsastr ekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title twelkhxahrb amp oldid 9923535, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,
