เชื่อกันว่า H. habilis เป็นบรรพบุรุษของมนุษย์ที่ผอมสูงกว่าและฉลาดกว่าคือ H. ergaster. H. habilis อยู่ในช่วงเวลาเดียวกันกับ H. erectus จนกระทั่งถึง 1.4 ล้านปีก่อน ทำให้มีโอกาสน้อยว่า H. erectus เกิดวิวัฒนาการมาจาก H. habilis โดยตรง นี่เป็นช่วงที่พบเครื่องมือหินเป็นครั้งแรก เป็นจุดเริ่มต้นของยุคหินเก่าต้น
ขนตัวเกิดหายไปในช่วงเวลา 3 ถึง 2 ล้านปีก่อน
1.8 Ma
รูปจำลองของ H. erectusH. erectus เกิดวิวัฒนาการขึ้นในแอฟริกา
ถ้าเห็นก็จะมีลักษณะคล้ายกับมนุษย์ปัจจุบันมาก แต่ขนาดสมองนั้นเป็นเพียงแค่ 74% ของมนุษย์ปัจจุบัน หน้าผากนั้นลาดเอียงขึ้นไปทางศีรษะน้อยกว่า H. habilis และฟันก็เล็กกว่าด้วย ส่วน hominin อื่น ๆ ที่บางครั้งกำหนดว่าเป็น H. georgicus, H. ergaster, H. pekinensis และ H. heidelbergensis บางครั้งก็จัดให้อยู่ในสปีชีส์เดียวกันคือ H. erectus และเริ่มที่ H. georgicus ที่พบในประเทศจอร์เจียมีอายุประมาณ 1.8 ล้านปีก่อนกระดูกเชิงกรานและกระดูกสันหลังก็วิวัฒนาการมาเหมือนมนุษย์ปัจจุบันมากขึ้น ซึ่งทำให้สามารถเดินทางได้ไกล ๆ เพื่อที่จะติดตามฝูงสัตว์ เป็นซากเก่าแก่ที่สุดที่พบนอกแอฟริกา
จุดกำเนิดของมนุษย์ปัจจุบัน โดยมีซากดึกดำบรรพ์กลุ่ม Omo remains จากประเทศเอธิโอเปียเป็นหลักฐานที่เก่าแก่ที่สุดของมนุษย์ที่มีกายวิภาคปัจจุบัน (มนุษย์ปัจจุบัน ภาษาอังกฤษเรียกว่า Anatomically modern humans)
เป็นจุดปรากฏของ haplogroup R2 ในโครโมโซม Y และ haplogroup J และ X ในไมโทคอนเดรีย
12,000
จุดเริ่มต้นของยุคหินกลาง/สมัยโฮโลซีน เป็นจุดปรากฏของ haplogroup R1a ในโครโมโซม Y และ haplogroup V และ T ในไมโทคอนเดรีย มนุษย์ในยุโรปเกิดวิวัฒนาการให้มีผิวขาว (ยีน SLC24A5)เป็นช่วงที่ H. floresiensis เกิดการสูญพันธุ์ เหลือแต่ H. sapiens เป็นมนุษย์สปีชีส์เดียวเท่านั้นที่ยังมีชีวิตอยู่เหลือในสกุลHomo
"Experiments with sex have been very hard to conduct," Goddard said. "In an experiment, one needs to hold all else constant, apart from the aspect of interest. This means that no higher organisms can be used, since they have to have sex to reproduce and therefore provide no asexual control." Goddard and colleagues instead turned to a single-celled organism, yeast, to test the idea that sex allows populations to adapt to new conditions more rapidly than asexual populations.
Proterospongia is a rare freshwater protist, a colonial member of the Choanoflagellata." "Proterospongia itself is not the ancestor of sponges. However, it serves as a useful model for what the ancestor of sponges and other metazoans may have been like.
"Obviously vertebrates must have had ancestors living in the Cambrian, but they were assumed to be invertebrate forerunners of the true vertebrates — protochordates. Pikaia has been heavily promoted as the oldest fossil protochordate.":289
These first vertebrates lacked jaws, like the living hagfish and lampreys. Jawed vertebrates appeared 100 million years later, in the Silurian.
A fossil coelacanth jaw found in a stratum datable 410 mya that was collected near Buchan in Victoria, Australia's East Gippsland, currently holds the record for oldest coelacanth; it was given the name Eoactinistia foreyi when it was published in September 2006.
Lungfish are believed to be the closest living relatives of the tetrapods, and share a number of important characteristics with them. Among these characters are tooth enamel, separation of pulmonary blood flow from body blood flow, arrangement of the skull bones, and the presence of four similarly sized limbs with the same position and structure as the four tetrapod legs.
"the ancestor that amphibians share with reptiles and ourselves?"..."These possibly transitional fossils have been much studied, among them Acanthostega, which seems to have been wholly aquatic, and Ichthyostega":250
In many respects, the pelycosaurs are intermediate between the reptiles and mammals
"Thrinaxodon, like any fossil, should be thought of as a cousin of our ancestor, not the ancestor itself. It was a member of a group of mammal-like reptiles called the cynodonts. The cynodonts were so mammal-like, it is tempting to call them mammals. But who cares what we call them? They are almost perfect intermediates.":211
"Fossils that might help us reconstruct what Concestor 8 was like include the large group called plesiadapi-forms. They lived about the right time, and they have many of the qualities you would expect of the grand ancestor of all the primates"
Rubin also said analysis so far suggests human and Neanderthal DNA are some 99.5 percent to nearly 99.9 percent identical.
The conclusion is the old saw that we share 98.5% of our DNA sequence with chimpanzee is probably in error. For this sample, a better estimate would be that 95% of the base pairs are exactly shared between chimpanzee and human DNA.
...of the three billion letters that make up the human genome, only 15 million--less than 1 percent--have changed in the six million years or so since the human and chimp lineages diverged.
อ้างอิง
"Sex Speeds Up Evolution, Study Finds". National Geographic. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2005-01-09.
Dawkins, R. (2005). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. Harcourt: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN978-0-618-61916-0.
doi:10.1038/46965 This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand
doi:10.1038/990080 This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand
doi:10.1038/nature01264 This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand
"Introduction to the Vertebrates". UC Berkeley. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-10-22.
สำเนาที่เก็บถาวร(JPG) (รูป). จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2009-03-19. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-10-22. Bones of first gill arch became upper and lower jaws.Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
"Coelacanth". New World Encyclopedia. 2013-06-03. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-10-22.
"Introduction to the Dipnoi". UC Berkeley. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-10-22.
Eckhart; Valle; Jaeger; Ballaun; Szabo; Nardi; Buchberger; Hermann; Alibardi; Tschachler (November 2008). "Identification of reptilian genes encoding hair keratin-like proteins suggests a new scenario for the evolutionary origin of hair". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (47): 18419–23. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10518419E. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805154105. PMC2587626. PMID 19001262.
"Introduction to the Pelycosaurs". UC Berkeley. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-10-22.
doi:10.1038/nature10291 This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand
Tishkoff, Sarah A. (2011). Bones, Stones and Genes: The Origin of Modern Humans(MP4)|format= requires |url= (help). Lecture 2 - Genetics of Human Origins and Adaptation. Howard Hughes Medical Institute (2011 Holiday Lecture Series).
"Hominid Species". The TalkOrigins Archive. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-10-03.
"Ardipithecus ramidus". Australian Museum. 2013-12-12. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-09-09.
"Ardipithecus kadabba". Australian Museum. 2009-10-27. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-09-09.
"NOVA: Becoming Human Part 2". PBS. 2009-09-11. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-10-22.
Miller, Kenneth (2013-12-07). "Archaeologists Find Earliest Evidence of Humans Cooking With Fire". Discover Magazine.
"Fire-Altered Stone Tools". Smithsonian Institution. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-10-04.[ลิงก์เสีย]
"Homo antecessor". Australian Museum. 2013-09-16. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-09-09.
"Neanderthal bone gives DNA clues". CNN Science News. 2006-11-15. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-11-16.
Britten, R.J. (2002). "Divergence between samples of chimpanzee and human DNA sequences is 5%, counting indels". PNAS. 99 (21): 13633–5. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9913633B. doi:10.1073/pnas.172510699. PMC129726. PMID 12368483.
Pollard, K.S. (2009). "What makes us human?". Scientific American. 300-5 (5): 44-49. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0509-44.
Krause, J; Lalueza-Fox, C; Orlando, L; Enard, W; Green, RE; Burbano, HA; Hublin, JJ; Hänni, C; Fortea, J; de la Rasilla, M; Bertranpetit, J; Rosas, A; Pääbo, S (November 2007). "The derived FOXP2 variant of modern humans was shared with Neandertals". Curr. Biol. 17 (21): 1908–12. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.008. PMID 17949978. Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)
"Homo heidelbergensis". Australian Museum. 2013-09-11. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-09-09.
doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002 This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by handFull ArticlePDF (330 KB)
doi:10.1126/science.1237947 This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand
"Homo sapiens - modern humans". Australian Museum. 2014-06-13. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-10-03.
Schwarz, J (2007-10-17). "Earliest evidence for modern human behavior found in South African cave". Uwnews.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-10-03.
Diamond, Jared (1992). The Third Chimpanzee. Harper Perennial. pp. 47–57. ISBN978-0-06-098403-8.
Richard E. Green; Krause, J.; Briggs, A. W.; Maricic, T.; Stenzel, U.; Kircher, M.; Patterson, N.; Li, H.; และคณะ (2010). "A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome". Science. 328 (5979): 710–722. Bibcode:2010Sci...328..710G. doi:10.1126/science.1188021. PMID 20448178. Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
Rincon, Paul (2010-05-06). "Neanderthal genes 'survive in us'". BBC News. BBC. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-05-07. External link in |work= (help)
Bowler JM, Johnston H, Olley JM, Prescott JR, Roberts RG, Shawcross W, Spooner NA. (2003). "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia". Nature. 421 (6925): 837–40. doi:10.1038/nature01383. PMID 1259451.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Norton, HL; Kittles, RA; Parra, E; McKeigue, P; Mao, X; Cheng, K; Canfield, VA; Bradley, DG; McEvoy, B; Shriver, MD (March 2007). "Genetic evidence for the convergent evolution of light skin in Europeans and East Asians". Mol. Biol. Evol. 24 1 (3): 710–22. doi:10.1093/molbev/ms1203. PMID 17182896. Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"Human Evolution". Smithsonian Institution Human Origins Program. เป็นเว็บไซต์สื่อประสมภาษาอังกฤษที่อ่านง่ายและมีข้อมูลทันสมัย
"Human Evolution". Australian Musuem. เป็นเว็บไซต์ภาษาอังกฤษมีข้อมูลทันสมัย
. Howard Hughes Medical Institute (2011 Holiday Lectures on Science). 2011. คลังข้อมูลเก่า เก็บจาก แหล่งเดิม เมื่อ 2012-04-17. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-10-22. มีวิดีโอเล็กเช่อร์พื้นฐาน (มุ่งกลุ่มเยาวชน) ภาษาอังกฤษเกี่ยวกับการศึกษาวิวัฒนาการมนุษย์ของนักวิชาการชื่อดังรวมทั้งทิม ไวท์, Sarah Tishkoff และ John Shea
รายการ The Evolution of Man ของ BBC
"Illustrations from Evolution (textbook)". Evolution. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help)
Becoming Human: Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins, presented by Arizona State University's Institute of Human Origins
"Human Evolution Timeline". ArchaeologyInfo.com.
กันยายน 29, 2021
กาลาน, กรมว, ฒนาการมน, ษย, งกฤษ, timeline, human, evolution, แสดงเหต, การณ, สำค, ญต, าง, ในกระบวนการว, ฒนาการของมน, ษย, และของบรรพบ, ษมน, ษย, งรวมคำอธ, บายส, เก, ยวก, บส, ตว, บางประเภท, บางสป, หร, อบางสก, งอาจจะเป, นบรรพบ, ษของมน, ษย, ภาพแสดงต, นไม, บรรพช, นว,. kalanukrmwiwthnakarmnusy xngkvs timeline of human evolution aesdngehtukarnsakhytang inkrabwnkarwiwthnakarkhxngmnusyaelakhxngbrrphburusmnusy sungrwmkhaxthibaysn ekiywkbstwbangpraephth bangspichis hruxbangskul sungxaccaepnbrrphburuskhxngmnusyphaphaesdngtnimbrrphchiwinwithyakhxngstwmikraduksnhlngthain pi kh s 1879 khxng Ernst Haeckel prawtiwiwthnakarkhxngspichistang idrbkarphrrnnawaepntnimwiwthnakarchatiphnthu odymisakhatang makmayaeykxxkcaklatntnediyw aemwakhxmulthiichsrangtnimnicalasmyaelw aetkyngaesdnghlkkarbangxyangthitnimthithakhuninpccubnxaccathaihehnidimchdecn phumim danbnkhwasudepnphwkkhxngstweliynglukdwynmrwmthngmnusy bthkhwamimmungcaaesdngkaenidkhxngchiwitsungklawiwinbthkhwamkaenidchiwitcaksingirchiwit aetmungcaaesdngsayphnthuthiepnipidsayhnungthidaeninmaepnmnusy khxmulkhxngbthkhwammacakkarsuksainbrrphchiwinwithya chiwwithyaphthnakar developmental biology snthanwithya aelacakkhxmulthangkaywiphakhaelaphnthusastr karsuksaekiywkbwiwthnakarmnusyepnswnsakhykhxngmanusywithya enuxha 1 xnukrmwithankhxngmnusy 2 kalanukrm 2 1 singmichiwitaerksud 2 2 stwmiaeknsnhlng 2 3 stwsikha 2 4 stweliynglukdwynm 2 5 stwxndbwanr 2 6 lingihy 2 7 mnusy 3 duephim 4 khxkhwamthixangxing 5 xangxing 6 aehlngkhxmulxunxnukrmwithankhxngmnusy aekikhduraylaexiydxunthi karcaaenkchnkhxngiphremt wngslingihykarsubthxdsayphnthuodyaekhldistiks khuxodykarepriybethiybkhwamkhlaykhlungkn khxngmnusyspichis H sapiens khuxmnusypccubn midngtxipni chn chux chuxthwip lanpikxnekht Eukaryota esllminiwekhliys 2 100xanackr Animalia stw 590iflm Chordata stwmikraduksnhlngaelastwimmikraduksnhlngthiiklchidkn 530iflmyxy Vertebrata stwmikraduksnhlng 505Superclass Tetrapoda stwsikha 395immikarcd Amniota stwmithungnakhrakhuxstwsikhathiepnstwbketmtw 340chn Mammalia stweliynglukdwynanm 220chnyxy Theriiformes stweliynglukdwynanmthikhlxdlukepntw imichikh Infraclass Eutheria stweliynglukdwynanmthimirk imichstwmikraepahnathxng 125Magnorder Boreoeutheria Supraprimate stwfnaetha kratay kraaet bang aelawanr khangkhaw wal stwmikibodymak aelastwkinenuxodymakSuperorder Euarchontoglires Supraprimate wanr stwfnaetha kratay kraaet aelabang 100Grandorder Euarchonta wanr bang aelakraaetMirorder Primatomorpha wanr aelabang 79 6xndb Primates wanr 75xndbyxy Haplorrhini wanrcmukaehng hruxcmukimsbsxn thaaeplkhatrng exp ling aelatharesiyr 63Infraorder Simiiformes wanr radbsung khathwipphasaxngkvswa Simian exp lingolkeka aelalingolkihm 58Parvorder Catarrhini wanrmicmukkhwa exp aelalingolkeka 44Superfamily Hominoidea exp 28wngs Hominidae lingihy mnusy chimaepnsi obonob kxrilla aelaxurngxutng eriykepnkhathwipphasaxngkvswa hominid 17immikarcd mnusy aelalingihyaexfriknkhux chimaepnsi obonob aelakxrilla 14wngsyxy Homininae mnusy chimaepnsi aelaobonob eriykepnkhathwipphasaxngkvswa hominine 6 10epha Hominini mnusyskul Homo aela Australopithecus eriykepnkhathwipphasaxngkvswa hominin 5 8ephayxy Hominina miaetskul Homo ethann epnskulediywthieriykwa mnusy 2 5skul Homo mnusy 2 5spichis Homo sapiens mnusyobran Archaic Homo sapiens aelamnusypccubn 0 6spichisyxy Homo sapiens sapiens mnusypccubn 0 2kalanukrm aekikhtwyx Ma hmaythung lanpikxn Millions of Years Ago kalanukrmmnusyd ph k 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 expkhlaymnusyNakalipithecusOuranopithecusSahelanthropusOrrorinArdipithecusAustralopithecusHomo habilisHomo erectusNeanderthalHomo sapiens expkxn xacedinsxngetha edinsxngethaaerksud ekhruxngmuxhinaerksud xxkcakaexfrikaaerksud ichifaerksud hungxaharaerksud esuxphaaerksud mnusypccubnPleistocenePlioceneMioceneHominidsmatraswn lanpi singmichiwitaerksud aekikh ewla lanpikxn ehtukarn4 000 Ma singmichiwitaerksudpraktkhun khxmulephimetim kaenidchiwitcaksingirchiwit3 900 Ma esllkhlaykboprkharioxtpraktkhun karsngekhraahdwyaesngekidkhunepnkhrngaerk dngnn xxksiecncanwnmakkpraktkhunepnkhrngaerkdwy2 500 Ma singmichiwiterimsamarthichxxksiecn aelaody 2 400 lanpikxn ehtukarnthieriykwa mhntphyxxksiecn xngkvs Oxygen catastrophe Great Oxygenation Event khuxsingmichiwitthiimtxngkarxxksiecnthiekidkhunkxnthicamikasnixyangaephrhlay thukthalayodysingmichiwitthiichxxksiecn2 100 Ma esllthisbsxnyingkhunkhuxphwkyuaekhrioxtprakt1 200 Ma ekidwiwthnakarkhxngkarsubphnthuaebbxasyephs thaihkrabwnkarwiwthnakarepnipxyangrwderwyingkhun A 900 Ma Choanoflagellate Choanoflagellate xacepnsingmichiwitthikhlaykhlungkbbrrphburuskhxngxanackrstwthnghmd aelaxacepnbrrphburusodytrngkhxngfxngna 2 B swnsingmichiwitskul Proterospongia sungkepnstwchn Choanoflagellata nnaehla epntwxyangthiyngmichiwitxyuthidithisudwa brrphburuskhxngstwthnghmdmihnataepnxyangir singmichiwitpraephthnixyurwmknepnklum aelapraktlksnaphiessephuxthahnathitang kninradbhnung600 Ma echuxknwa stwhlayesllrunaerksudepnstwkhlayfxngna sungepnstwthisbsxnnxythisud thimienuxeyuxthicaaenkaetktangknbanginradbhnung swnfxngna iflm Porifera epnstwthiekaaekthisudthiyngmichiwitxyuinpccubn580 Ma stwthiekhluxnihwidthiekaaekthisudxaccaepnphwkindaeriy epnstwthiekuxbthnghmdmirabbprasathaelaklamenux ephraawaepnklumstwthisbsxnnxythisudthimirabbehlani brrphburuskhxngphwkindaeriyepnipidmakwaepnstwrunaerkthiichrabbprasathaelaklamenuxdwykn nxkcaknnaelw indaeriyyngepnstwrunaerksudthimikahndruprangkhxngkaythiaennxn khuxmilksnaepnsmmatrtamrsmi radial symmetry aelaepnchwngewlanidwythitaekidkarwiwthnakarkhun550 Ma hnxntwaebn hnxntwaebnepnstwaerksudthimismxng aelaepnstwsbsxnnxythisudthiyngmichiwitxyuthimilksnaepnsmmatrdankhang bilateral symmetry aelaepnstwsbsxnnxythisudthimixwywathiekidkhuncakenuxeyuxkhphphasamchn540 Ma stwchn Enteropneusta phicarnaknwa miwiwthnakarsungthisudinbrrdastwkhlayhnxn khuxmirabbihlewiynphrxmkbhwicthithahnathiepnitdwy miokhrngsrangehmuxnkbehnguxkplathiichsahrbhayic epnokhrngsrangkhlaykbkhxngplaruntn dngnn bangkhrngcungidrbkarphicarnawa epnstwrahwangstwmikraduksnhlngaelastwimmikraduksnhlng txngkarxangxing stwmiaeknsnhlng aekikh ewla ehtukarn530 Ma Pikaia stwskul Pikaia epntwxyangbrrphburuskhxngstwmiaeknsnhlngaelastwmikraduksnhlng C swnbrrphburusmiaeknsnhlngkhxng Pikaia xacrwmspichis Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa 5 Haikouella lanceolata 6 aela Haikouichthys ercaicunensis 7 swnstwxndb Amphioxiformes xngkvs lancelet thiyngmichiwitxyuinpccubn yngkhnglksnakhxngstwmiaeknsnhlngyukhtn bangxyang cungmilksnakhlaykb Pikaia stwchn Conodonta stwchn Conodonta xngkvs Conodont epnstwmiaeknsnhlngtn thiedn hlngcak 495 lanpikxn epnstwruprangkhlayplaihlmilksnaechphaakhux mitaihy mikhribaephxxkodyrxb khlayplakraebn miklamenuxrupcw hruxxksrormn V aelaaeknsnhlng notochord stwnibangkhrngeriykwa conodont bangkhrngeriykwa conodontophore505 Ma plaimmikhakrrikr Superclass Agnatha stwmikraduksnhlngrunaerkthipraktkhux ostracoderm epnplairkhakrrikrthiepnyatikbplaaelmpephrythaelaelaaehkhfichinpccubn swnplaskul Haikouichthys aela Myllokunmingia thisuyphnthuipaelwepntwxyangkhxngplairkhakrrikrechnni plaehlaniirkhakrrikr mikradukthiepnkradukxxn immikhribxkaelakhribechingkranehmuxnkbplathimiwiwthnakarsungkwani epnbrrphburuskhxngplakradukaekhng D 480 Ma plamiekraa plamiekraaepnplakxnprawtisastr epnplarunaerk thimikhakrrikr Infraphyrum Gnathostomata thiwiwthnakarmacakswnokhngkhxngehnguxk gill arch 9 mihwaelaxkpkpiddwyekraaaebngepnswn echuxmxyutamkhx articulated armoured plate swntwkcamiekldhruximmi aetwa hlkthansakdukdabrrphaesdngwa immistwthisubthxdsayphnthuhlngcakthisudkhxngyukhdioweniyn aelamikhwamiklchidkbplamikradukpccubnnxykwaplachlam txngkarxangxing 410 Ma plasilaaekhnth thithukcbinpi 2517 plasilaaekhnthpraktkhun E 10 stwxndbnitxnaerkechuxwasuyphnthuiphmdaelwcnkrathngphbtwxyangemuxpi kh s 1938 sungsamarthichepnsingmichiwitkhngsphaphdukdabrrphstwsikha aekikh ewla ehtukarn390 Ma pladukdabrrphthimikhribepnphuskul Panderichthys planacudmikhribepnphu chnihy Sarcopterygii idekidwiwthnakarmamikha epntntrakulkhxngstwsikha chnihy Tetrapoda odystwsikhaaerkmikarwiwthnakarinnacudthitun aelathilumnakhng khuxekidwiwthnakarmacakplathimikhribepnphu mismxngsxngklibinkaohlkaebn mipakkwang micmukaelapakyunxxkmaaebbsn mitasngipthangdanbnthiaesdngthungkhwamepnplaknsra aelaidekidkarprbtwkhxngkhribodymienuxthithanaelamikraduk swnplasilaaekhnththiyngmichiwitxyusungkhngsphaphdukdabrrphmikhwamiklchidkbplathimikhribepnphu aetimmikarprbtwinthinatunxyangni plaehlaniichkhribepnphayinthixyunatunthismburnipdwyphuchaelatakxnxinthriy detritus swnlksnathwipkhxngstwsikhakhuxaekhnkhahnathingxipdanhlngthisxk aelakhahlngthingxipthangkhanghnathiekha mikaeniderimmacakstwsiethathixyuinnatunphwkni F swnplaskul Panderichthys yawpraman 90 130 sm macakyukhdioweniynchwngplay praman 380 lanpikxn mihwihykhlaystwsietha epnplathimilksnainrahwangplathimikhribepnphuaelastwsiethayukhtn mithangyawthithaodyethakhxngstwsiethakhlayskul Ichthyostega emux 390 lanpikxn inchntakxninthixyukhxngstwnaepnthinakhunlnginpraethsopaelnd sungbxkepnnywa wiwthnakarkhxngstwsiethakhwamcringekaaekkwasakdukdabrrphkhxngpla Panderichthys cnthungpla Ichthyostegaswnplapxdthiyngxyunn darnglksnabangxyangkhxngstwsiethainyukhtn twxyangthiehn idkkhuxplapxdxxsetreliy375 Ma plaskul Tiktaalik Tiktaalik epnskulplathimikhribepnphu chnihy Sarcopterygii cakyukhdioweniynplaythimilksnakhxngstwsiethahlayxyang epntwechuxmrahwangplaskul Panderichthys aelastwsaethinnasaethinbkskul Acanthostega365 Ma stwsaethinnasaethinbkskul Acanthostega stwsiethaskul Ichthyostega Acanthostega epnstwsaethinnasaethinbkthisuyphnthuipaelw epnstwphwkaerk thimiaekhnkhathiehnidchd epnstwmikraduksnhlngphwkaerk thixaccasamarthkhunmabnbk aetwamnimmikhxmux dngnncungmikarprbtwthiimdiinkarichchiwitbnbn ephraawa aekhnkhaimsamarthrbnahnkkhxngstwid nxkcaknnaelw yngmithngpxdaelaehnguxk sungaesdngwaepntwechuxmrahwangplathimikhribepnphuaelastwbkmikraduksnhlngswn Ichthyostega epnstwsiethayukhtn enuxngcakepnstwphwkaerk thimikradukkha kradukaekhn aelakradukniw cungphicarnawaepnstwlukphsm hybrid rahwangplaaelastwsaethinnasaethinbk aemwacamikha aetnacaimidichkhasahrbedin aetwaxaccaxxkcaknamaepnewlachwngsn aelanacaichkhainkaraehwkwayipinokhln G stwsaethinnasaethinbk chn Amphibia epnstwsiethaphwkaerk thimipxd sungxaccamiwiwthnakarmacakstwsiethaskul Hynerpeton emux 360 lanpikxnstwsaethinnasaethinbkpccubnyngkhngsphaphhlayxyangkhxngstwsiethainyukhtn 300 Ma stweluxykhlanskul Hylonomus hlngcakstwsaethinnasaethinbk stweluxykhlankthuxkaenidkhun miskul Hylonomus thiekaaekthisudthiruck epnstwyawpraman 20 sm rwmthnghang aelanacakhlaykhlungkbphwkstwxndbkingkapccubn mifnkhmelk aelanacakinphwkkingkuxaelaaemlng epnbrrphburuskhxngphwkaexmnioxtaelastweluxykhlankhlaystweliynglukdwynm khuxaexmnioxtin clade Synapsida ekhxrathin oprtinmiokhrngsrangepniy ekidkhunepnkhrngaerkinstwphwknisungklayepnxungelbinkingkaaelankinpccubn aelaklayepnkhninstweliynglukdwynm 12 karekidwiwthnakarkhunkhxngikhepnlksnaechphaakhxngphwkaexmnioxt sungkkhuxstweluxykhlanthisamarthphmphnthubnbkaelwwangikhbnbkdwy khuximcaepnthicaklblngipinnaephuxphsmphnthu epnkarprbtwthithaihsamarthkhyayphnthuipbnbkepnkhrngaerk nxkcaknnaelw yngepnstwthimirabbprasaththikawhnaemuxethiybkbstwsaethinnasaethinbk miesnprasathcakkaohlksirsathung 12 khustweliynglukdwynm aekikh ewla ehtukarn256 Ma Phthinosuchus epnstwxndb Therapsid yukhtn epnxndbstwthiepnbrrphburuskhxngstweliynglukdwynm hlngcakkarekidkhunkhxngstweluxykhlanephiyngelknxy kekidkaraeyksayphnthuxxkepnsxngsay sakhahnungepnphwkaexmnioxtin clade Diapsida sungepntntrakulkhxngstweluxykhlanaelankpccubn xiksakhahnungepnaexmnioxtin clade Synapsida sungepntntrakulkhxngstweliynglukdwynanmpccubnthngsxngsakhamichxngkaohlkkhukhuxchxngkradukkhmb temporal fenestra hlnglukta sungepnthisahrbklamenuxkhakrrikr Synapsida michxng hnungaetlakhang aetwa Diapsida misxngchxngaetlakhangstweluxykhlankhlaystweliynglukdwynmaerksudkkhuxphwk pelycosaur epnstwphwkaerksudthimichxngkradukkhmb aemwa caimichstwxndb Therapsida cring aetkepnbrrphburuskhxng Therapsida sungkepnbrrphburusodytrngkhxngstweliynglukdwynmstwxndb Therapsida michxngkradukkhmbthiihykwaaelakhlaykbstweliynglukdwynmmakkwa pelycosaur mifnthimikhwamaetktangkniptamladbmakkwa aelabangphwkphayhlngcamiwthnakarekidephdanpakthisxng secondary palate sungchwyihsamarthkinxaharaelahayicidinewlaediywknsungepnnimitthibngthungchiwitthikrachbkraechngkwa thixaccabngthungkhwamepnstweluxdxun H 220 Ma stwskul Cynognathus epnstwin clade Cynodontia sungepnklumstwthiepnbrrphburuskhxngstweliynglukdwynm klumhnungkhxngphwk Therapsida in clade Cynodontia kekidwiwthnakarmilksnaehmuxnstweliynglukdwynmephimkhun mikhakrrikrthikhlaykbstweliynglukdwynminpccubn mikhwamnacaepnsungwa stwklumnimispichisthiepnbrrphburusodytrngkhxngstweliynglukdwynminpccubnthnghmd I 220 Ma stweliynglukdwynmskul Repenomamus hlngcaknn stweliynglukdwynmkekidwiwthnakarmacak Cynodontia in Infraorder Eucynodontia stweliynglukdwynmtn epnstwkhlayhnuphithikinaemlng aemwacaimmihlkthanihehnidinsakdukdabrrph aetkepnipidsungwa stwphwknimixunhphumirangkaythismaesmx aelamitxmnanmsahrbeliyngluk aelaekhtkhxrethksihm neocortex khxngsmxngkekidwiwthnakarkhuninstweliynglukdwynmepnlksnaechphaaphwkomonthrimepnstweliynglukdwynmthiwangikh sungpraktinstwpccubnphwktunpakepdaelaxikhidna karhaladbdiexnexkhxngcionmtunpakepdphbwa yinekiywkbephskhxngmniklekhiyngkbnkmakkwastweliynglukdwynmthixxklukepntw ethxeriy odyepriybethiybkbstweliynglukdwynmxun kcasamarthxnumanidwa stweliynglukdwynmphwkaerk ekidepnephschayhruxhyingenuxngcakmihruximmiyin SRY inokhromosm Y sungekidwiwthnakarkhunhlngcakthiphwkomonthrimidaeyksayphnthuxxkipaelw160 Ma stwtntrakulkhxngyuethxeriyskul Juramaia sinensis Juramaia sinensis 14 ekidwiwthnakarkhun epnstweliynglukdwynmmirkpraephthyuethxeriyaerksudthiphbinsakdukdabrrph100 Ma cudekidbrrphburusrwmknthaysudkhxnghnuhringaelamnusy epnstwtntrakulkhxng clade Euarchontoglires stwxndbwanr aekikh ewla ehtukarn85 65 Ma Plesiadapis stweliynglukdwynmkhlaywanrspichis Carpolestes simpsoni klumstweliynglukdwynmtwelkklumhnung epnstwklangkhunxyubntnim kinaemlng thixyuin Grandorder Euarchonta kerimkhyayphnthukhunsunginthisudcaklayepnstwxndbwanr stwxndbkraaet aelastwxndbbang swnklumstwin Mirorder Primatomorpha sungepnswnkhxng Euarchonta rwmstwxndbwanraelastwtntrakulkhuxstwxndb Plesiadapiformes ekidstwtntrakulstwxndbwanrskulhnungkhux Plesiadapis sungyngmixungelb aelayngmitaaetlakhanghnipthangdankhang dngnn Plesiadapis cungwxngiwbnphunkwabnyxdtnim aemwacaerimichewlamakkhunxyubnkingim ephuxkinphlimaelaib epnipidsungwa mispichishnunginstwxndb Plesiadapiformes thiepntntrakulkhxngstwxndbwanrthiyngmiinpccubnthnghmd J stwspichisthay inxndb Plesiadapiformes kkhux Carpolestes simpsoni sungminiwthiichcbidaetyngimmitathihnipthangdanhna63 Ma stwxndbwanraeyksayphnthuepn suborders Strepsirrhini iphremtcmukepiyk aela Haplorrhini iphremtcmukaehng klum Strepsirrhini rwmstwklumthieriykwa prosimian odymak thiyngmichiwitxyurwmthngliemxraelalxris swn Haplorrhini misamklumkhuxtharesiyr sungrwmxyuinklum prosimian dwy lingin Infraorder Simiiformes aelaexp Haplorrhini ekathisudspichishnungkkhux Teilhardina asiatica epnstwtwethahnu epnstwklangwnmitaelk inchwngni rabbemaethbxlisumkhxng Haplorrhini ekidsuykhwamsamarthinkarsngekhraahwitaminsiexngid sunghmaykhwamwa lukhlansaynithnghmdtxngkinphlimthimiwitaminsiepnswnkhxngxahar30 Ma Haplorrhini skul Aegyptopithecus Haplorrhini ekidkaraeyksayphnthuepn infraorders Platyrrhini lingolkihm aela Catarrhini lingolkekaaelaexp lingolkihmmihangthisamarthcbyudkingimid aetlingtwphumitabxdsi aelaxaccaxphyphipsuthwipxemrikaitbnaephthiekidcakphuchkhammhasmuthraextaelntiksungtxnnnkhxnkhangaekhb praman 700 km swn Catarrhini odymakxyuinaexfrikainewlathithwipthngsxng aexfrikaaelaxemrika erimaeykxxkcakkn brrphburusyukhtn khxng Catarrhini xaccarwmskul Aegyptopithecus aela Saadanius25 Ma iphremtskul Proconsul Catarrhini ekidkaraeyksayphnthumaepn 2 superfamily khuxlingolkeka Cercopithecoidea aelaexp Hominoidea tathiehnepnsamsihlkkhxngmnusyxaccamikaenidinyukhniProconsul epnskultn khxng Catarrhini milksnaphsmkhxngthnglingolkekaaelaexp lksnakhlay Simiiformes khxng Proconsul rwmthngekhluxbfn enamel thibang mikayeba mihnaxkaekhbaelaaekhnkhaswnhnathisn epnstwsiethaxyubntnim lksnakhlayexprwmthngimmihang khxsxkthikhlayexp aelamismxngihykwaemuxethiybkbrangswnspichis Proconsul africanus xacepnbrrphburuskhxngthngwngslingihy rwmthngmnusydwy aelawngschanilingihy aekikh ewla ehtukarn17 Ma wngslingihy Hominidae kaenidepnspichisihmcakbrrphburusrwmknkbwngschani14 Ma stwin clade thirwm Homininae mnusy chimaepnsi aelaobonob kbkxrilla kaenidepnspichisihmcakbrrphburusrwmknkblingxurngxutng 15 rupcalxngkhxng Pierolapithecus catalaunicusswnlingihyspichis Pierolapithecus catalaunicus echuxknwaepnbrrphburusrwmknrahwangmnusykblingihy pccubn hruxwa xyangnxykepnspichisthiepnyatiiklchidkbbrrphburusrwmknmakthisudinbrrdasakdukdabrrphthikhnphb epnstwthimikarprbtwphiessephuxpintnim ehmuxnkbmnusyaelalingihyxun khuxmisiokhrngthikwangaelaaebn mikraduksnhlngchwnglangthiaekhng mikhxmuxthibidngxid aelamikraduksabkthithxdiptamhlng6 10 Ma wngsyxy Homininae sungepnsayphnthukhxngmnusyaelaskul Pan chimaepnsi aelaobonob ekidwiwthnakarcakbrrphburusrwmknkbkxrilla7 Ma hominin spichis Sahelanthropus tchadensis epha hominini ekidwiwthnakarepnspichiscakbrrphburusrwmknkbchimaepnsi thngchimaepnsiaelamnusymiklxngesiyngthiepliyntaaehnnginchwng 2 pitnkhxngchiwit khuxekhluxnlngipyngtaaehnngrahwangkhxhxyaelapxd sungbngwa brrphburusthimirwmknmilksnaxyangni epnlksnathicaepntxkarphudinmnusy brrphburusrwmknsudthaymichiwitxyuikl kb hominin Sahelanthropus tchadensis thi 7 lanpikxn 16 bangkhrng mikarxangwa S tchadensis epnbrrphburusrwmknsudthayrahwangmnusykbchimaepnsi aetyngimmiwithithicasamarthphisucnpraednniidxyangchdecn twxyangbrrphburusmnusyekaaekthisudthirucksungekidkhunhlngkaraeyksayphnthucakchimaepnsikhux hominin skul Orrorin tugenensis eriykwa Millennium Man phbinekhnya mixayu 6 lanpikxn 4 4 Ma Ardipithecus epn hominin skultn epha Hominini ArdipithecusArdipithecus misxngspichisthikhnphbaelwkhux A ramidus sungmichiwitpraman 4 4 lanpikxn 17 intnsmysmyiphloxsin aela A kadabba sungmixayupraman 5 8 lanpikxn 18 inplaysmyimoxsin A ramidus mismxngelk wdidpraman 300 350 sm3 sungethakbkhnadkhxngobonobaelakhxngchimaepnsitwemiy aetelkwakhxng australopithecine hominin skultx ip echnlusi sungmipraman 400 550 sm3 aelaihykwaswn 1 5 khxngsmxngmnusypccubnelknxy Ardipithecus xasyxyubntnim khuxxyuinpaodymakthitxngaekhngkbstwpaxun inkarhaxahar aekhngkhnkbthngbrrphburuskhxngchimaepnsithimichiwitxyuinewlaediywkndwy Ardipithecus nacaepnstwsxngetha ehnidcakkradukechingkranthiepnrupcham mumkhxngchxngkaohlkfxraemn aemknm aelakradukkhxmuxthibangkwa aetwa yngmiethathimikarprbtwephuxkaryudcbmakkwathicaedinepnrayathangikl 3 6 Ma hominin Australopithecus afarensis nacathingrxyethaiwinethaphuekhaifthiobransthan Laetoli praethsaethnsaeniy sungepnhlkthansakhykhxngkhwamepnstwedindwysxngethaepnnity michiwitxyuinrahwang 3 9 thung 2 9 lanpikxn echuxknwa A afarensis epnbrrphburuskhxngthngskul Australopithecus aelakhxngmnusy skul Homo epriybethiybkblingihypccubnaelathisuyphnthuipaelw A afarensis mifnekhiywaelafnkramthielklng aemwacayngihykwakhxngmnusypccubn mismxngthikhxnkhangelk praman 380 430 sm3 aelaibhnathiyunxxk hominin klum Australopithecine phbxyuinekhtthunghya aeladngnn nacamixaharephimepnphwkenuxstwthiekbtkmacakstwxun nganthiwiekhraahkraduksnhlngswnlangkhxng A africanus bxkepnnywa ephshyingmikarprbtwephuxthicaedindwysxngethaaeminkhnathitngkhrrph3 5 Ma hominin spichis Kenyanthropus platyops sungxacaepnbrrphburuskhxng Homo ekidwiwthnakarmacakskul Australopithecus3 Ma hominin klum australopithecine xyuinekhtthunghyakhxngaexfrika bangkhrngthuklaodyesuxekhiywdabskul Dinofelismnusy aekikh ewla ehtukarn2 5 Ma ekidkarpraktkhunkhxngmnusyskul Homo echuxknwa H habilis epnbrrphburuskhxngmnusythiphxmsungkwaaelachladkwakhux H ergaster H habilis xyuinchwngewlaediywknkb H erectus cnkrathngthung 1 4 lanpikxn thaihmioxkasnxywa H erectus ekidwiwthnakarmacak H habilis odytrng niepnchwngthiphbekhruxngmuxhinepnkhrngaerk epncuderimtnkhxngyukhhinekatnkhntwekidhayipinchwngewla 3 thung 2 lanpikxn1 8 Ma rupcalxngkhxng H erectusH erectus ekidwiwthnakarkhuninaexfrika thaehnkcamilksnakhlaykbmnusypccubnmak aetkhnadsmxngnnepnephiyngaekh 74 khxngmnusypccubn hnaphaknnladexiyngkhunipthangsirsanxykwa H habilis aelafnkelkkwadwy swn hominin xun thibangkhrngkahndwaepn H georgicus H ergaster H pekinensis aela H heidelbergensis bangkhrngkcdihxyuinspichisediywknkhux H erectus 19 aelaerimthi H georgicus thiphbinpraethscxreciymixayupraman 1 8 lanpikxn kradukechingkranaelakraduksnhlngkwiwthnakarmaehmuxnmnusypccubnmakkhun sungthaihsamarthedinthangidikl ephuxthicatidtamfungstw epnsakekaaekthisudthiphbnxkaexfrikaswnhlkthanthungkarkhwbkhumifidkhxng H erectus tngtnaet 400 000 pikxnidrbkaryxmrbcaknkwichakarodymak aelahlkthanthiekakwannkerimthicaidrbkaryxmrbcaknkwithyasastr odymihlkthanthixangkarichifthiekathisudmacakaexfrikaitmixayu 1 8 lanpikxn 20 aelamihlkthankhxngekhruxngmuxhinephaifthiidrbkaryxmrbephimkhuneruxy cakpraethsxisraexlmixayu 790 000 pi 21 H ergaster xacsungthung 190 sm karmiphiwekhm sungsmphnthkbkarsuykhntwthiekidkhunkxninbrrphburus kmiwiwthnakarxyangsmburnody 1 2 lanpikxn swn H pekinensis praktkhunkhrngaerkinexechiypraman 700 000 pikxn aettam thvsdikaenidmnusypccubnerw nicakaexfrika Recent African origin of modern humans epnphwkthiimichbrrphburuskhxngmnusypccubn aetepnyatiknthiepnlukhlankhxng H ergaster swn H heidelbergensis epnmnusytwotthimiethkhonolyihinthikawhnakwa aelaxaccamikarlastwihyechnmaepntn1 2 Ma H antecessor xacepnbrrphburusrwmknkhxngthngmnusypccubnaelamnusyklum Neanderthal H neanderthalensis 22 tamkarpraemininpccubn mnusypccubnmiyin 20 000 25 000 yinehmuxnkb aelamidiexnexthung 99 rwmkb Neanderthal thisuyphnthuipaelw K aelamidiexnexpraman 95 99 rwmkbyatiiklchidthisudthiyngmichiwitxyukhuxchimaepnsi L M yin FOXP2 thimikhwamtang kninmnusypccubn sungsmphnthkbkarphud kphbwaehmuxnkbkhxng Neanderthal dwy 26 dngnn cungxnumanidwa H antecessor sungxacepnbrrphburuskhxngthngmnusypccubnaela Neanderthal cungkhwrcamiyin FOXP2 dwy600 000 mnusy H heidelbergensis 3 khn sungpraman 150 sm idthingrxyethaiwinethaphuekhaifthiklayepnhininpraethsxitali epnmnusythixaccaepnbrrphburusrwmknkhxngmnusypccubnaela Neanderthal 27 epnmnusythimisnthankhlaykb H erectus mak aetmismxngihykwa ethakbpraman 93 khxngmnusypccubn twxyangtnaebbaerkkhxngmnusyspichisnisungpraman 180 sm miklamenuxihykwamnusypccubn chwngniepncuderimkhxngyukhhinekaklang338 000 cudkaenidkhxngxadmodyokhromosm Y michiwitxyuinaexfrikaemuxrahwang 180 000 338 000 pikxn 28 29 epnbrrphburusrwmknkhnthaysudthichaythnghmdinpccubnsubthxdsayphnthumacak200 000 Homo sapiens sapiens aephnaenanamnusybnyansarwcxwkasiphoxeniyr 10 aelaiphoxeniyr 11 cudkaenidkhxngmnusypccubn odymisakdukdabrrphklum Omo remains cakpraethsexthioxepiyepnhlkthanthiekaaekthisudkhxngmnusythimikaywiphakhpccubn mnusypccubn phasaxngkvseriykwa Anatomically modern humans 30 160 000 mnusypccubnkhux H sapiens hrux H sapiens idaltu inexthioxepiy aemna Awash hmuban Herto mikarphithikarthasphaelakhahipopopetms epnchwngthimihlkthanekaaekthisudkhxngkarmiphvtikrrmpccubnkhuxkarichdinsiehluxngxxknatal ephuxkarpradbaelaphithikrrm aelakartkpla epnhlkthanwa khwamepliynaeplngthiekidkhunxyangkhxyepnkhxyip imichodychbphln continuity hypothesis 31 150 000 cudkaenidkhxngexwaodyimothkhxnedriy Mitochondrial Eve epnhyingthixyuinaexfrikatawnxxk epnhyingbrrphburusrwmknthaysudkhxngsayphnthuimothkhxnedriythimiinhmumnusypccubn ihsngektwa immihlkthanwamilksnaxairbangxyang hruxmikarepliynkhwamthiyinxyangimecaacng genetic drift thithaihethxaetktangcakklummnusysngkhmkhxngethx khux brrphburuskhxngethxkepnmnusy H sapiens dwy aembukhkhlinsmyediywknkbethxkepnmnusy H sapiens dwy90 000 cudpraktkhunkhxngklum haplogroup L2 inimothkhxnedriy70 000 cudtngtnkhxngphvtikrrmpccubntamthvsdi Great Leap Forward karkraoddkawipkhanghna 32 60 000 cudpraktkhunkhxngklum haplogroup M aela N inimothkhxnedriy epnklummnusythixphyphxxknxkthwipaexfrikaaelwiptngthinthanipthwolk tamthvsdikaenidmnusypccubnerw nicakaexfrika mnusythixxkcakaexfrikainchwngni mikarphsmphnthukbmnusyklum Neanderthal thiphb 33 34 50 000 epnchwngthimnusyxphyphekhaipsuexechiyit epncudpraktkhunkhxngkarklayphnthu M168 thiepnswnkhxngklum haplogroup CT inimothkhxnedriy thimiinchaythiimichkhnaexfriknthnghmd epncuderimtnkhxngyukhhinekaplay epncudpraktkhunkhxngklum haplogroup U aela K inimothkhxnedriy40 000 epnchwngthimnusyxphyphekhaipsuxxsetreliy 35 aelachwngpraktkhunkhxngmnusypccubninyuorp epnklumchnthieriykwa Cro Magnon 25 000 cudthimnusyklum Neanderthal thiimichbrrphburusmnusyekidkarsuyphnthu epncudpraktkhxng haplogroup R2 inokhromosm Y aela haplogroup J aela X inimothkhxnedriy12 000 cuderimtnkhxngyukhhinklang smyoholsin epncudpraktkhxng haplogroup R1a inokhromosm Y aela haplogroup V aela T inimothkhxnedriy mnusyinyuorpekidwiwthnakarihmiphiwkhaw yin SLC24A5 36 37 epnchwngthi H floresiensis ekidkarsuyphnthu ehluxaet H sapiens epnmnusyspichisediywethannthiyngmichiwitxyuehluxinskul Homoduephim aekikhwiwthnakarkhxngmnusy aephnphumispichistamkalewla ladbkarekidkhunkhxngsayphnthumnusy tarangepriybethiybspichistang khxngmnusyskulohom aephnphaphaesdngkhwamiklekhiyngknkhxngsayphnthumnusy phuththsasnakbthvsdiwiwthnakar exp Hominoidea ohom mnusy yukhkxnprawtisastr xnukrmwithan karcaaenkchnthangwithyasastr raykarsakdukdabrrphsayphnthumnusykhxkhwamthixangxing aekikh Experiments with sex have been very hard to conduct Goddard said In an experiment one needs to hold all else constant apart from the aspect of interest This means that no higher organisms can be used since they have to have sex to reproduce and therefore provide no asexual control Goddard and colleagues instead turned to a single celled organism yeast to test the idea that sex allows populations to adapt to new conditions more rapidly than asexual populations 1 Proterospongia is a rare freshwater protist a colonial member of the Choanoflagellata Proterospongia itself is not the ancestor of sponges However it serves as a useful model for what the ancestor of sponges and other metazoans may have been like 3 Obviously vertebrates must have had ancestors living in the Cambrian but they were assumed to be invertebrate forerunners of the true vertebrates protochordates Pikaia has been heavily promoted as the oldest fossil protochordate 4 289 These first vertebrates lacked jaws like the living hagfish and lampreys Jawed vertebrates appeared 100 million years later in the Silurian 8 A fossil coelacanth jaw found in a stratum datable 410 mya that was collected near Buchan in Victoria Australia s East Gippsland currently holds the record for oldest coelacanth it was given the name Eoactinistia foreyi when it was published in September 2006 Lungfish are believed to be the closest living relatives of the tetrapods and share a number of important characteristics with them Among these characters are tooth enamel separation of pulmonary blood flow from body blood flow arrangement of the skull bones and the presence of four similarly sized limbs with the same position and structure as the four tetrapod legs 11 the ancestor that amphibians share with reptiles and ourselves These possibly transitional fossils have been much studied among them Acanthostega which seems to have been wholly aquatic and Ichthyostega 4 250 In many respects the pelycosaurs are intermediate between the reptiles and mammals 13 Thrinaxodon like any fossil should be thought of as a cousin of our ancestor not the ancestor itself It was a member of a group of mammal like reptiles called the cynodonts The cynodonts were so mammal like it is tempting to call them mammals But who cares what we call them They are almost perfect intermediates 4 211 Fossils that might help us reconstruct what Concestor 8 was like include the large group called plesiadapi forms They lived about the right time and they have many of the qualities you would expect of the grand ancestor of all the primates 4 Rubin also said analysis so far suggests human and Neanderthal DNA are some 99 5 percent to nearly 99 9 percent identical 23 The conclusion is the old saw that we share 98 5 of our DNA sequence with chimpanzee is probably in error For this sample a better estimate would be that 95 of the base pairs are exactly shared between chimpanzee and human DNA 24 of the three billion letters that make up the human genome only 15 million less than 1 percent have changed in the six million years or so since the human and chimp lineages diverged 25 xangxing aekikh Sex Speeds Up Evolution Study Finds National Geographic subkhnemux 2005 01 09 Dawkins R 2005 The Ancestor s Tale A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution Harcourt Houghton Mifflin ISBN 978 0 618 61916 0 Proterospongia UC Berkeley subkhnemux 2014 10 22 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 Dawkins Richard 2004 The Ancestor s Tale Boston Houghton Mifflin ISBN 0 618 00583 8 doi 10 1038 46965This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes You can jump the queue or expand by hand doi 10 1038 990080This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes You can jump the queue or expand by hand doi 10 1038 nature01264This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes You can jump the queue or expand by hand Introduction to the Vertebrates UC Berkeley subkhnemux 2014 10 22 saenathiekbthawr JPG rup ekb cakaehlngedimemux 2009 03 19 subkhnemux 2014 10 22 Bones of first gill arch became upper and lower jaws Unknown parameter deadurl ignored help Coelacanth New World Encyclopedia 2013 06 03 subkhnemux 2014 10 22 Introduction to the Dipnoi UC Berkeley subkhnemux 2014 10 22 Eckhart Valle Jaeger Ballaun Szabo Nardi Buchberger Hermann Alibardi Tschachler November 2008 Identification of reptilian genes encoding hair keratin like proteins suggests a new scenario for the evolutionary origin of hair Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 47 18419 23 Bibcode 2008PNAS 10518419E doi 10 1073 pnas 0805154105 PMC 2587626 PMID 19001262 Introduction to the Pelycosaurs UC Berkeley subkhnemux 2014 10 22 doi 10 1038 nature10291This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes You can jump the queue or expand by hand Tishkoff Sarah A 2011 Bones Stones and Genes The Origin of Modern Humans MP4 format requires url help Lecture 2 Genetics of Human Origins and Adaptation Howard Hughes Medical Institute 2011 Holiday Lecture Series Hominid Species The TalkOrigins Archive subkhnemux 2014 10 03 Ardipithecus ramidus Australian Museum 2013 12 12 subkhnemux 2014 09 09 Ardipithecus kadabba Australian Museum 2009 10 27 subkhnemux 2014 09 09 NOVA Becoming Human Part 2 PBS 2009 09 11 subkhnemux 2014 10 22 Miller Kenneth 2013 12 07 Archaeologists Find Earliest Evidence of Humans Cooking With Fire Discover Magazine Fire Altered Stone Tools Smithsonian Institution subkhnemux 2014 10 04 lingkesiy Homo antecessor Australian Museum 2013 09 16 subkhnemux 2014 09 09 Neanderthal bone gives DNA clues CNN Science News 2006 11 15 subkhnemux 2006 11 16 Britten R J 2002 Divergence between samples of chimpanzee and human DNA sequences is 5 counting indels PNAS 99 21 13633 5 Bibcode 2002PNAS 9913633B doi 10 1073 pnas 172510699 PMC 129726 PMID 12368483 Pollard K S 2009 What makes us human Scientific American 300 5 5 44 49 doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0509 44 Krause J Lalueza Fox C Orlando L Enard W Green RE Burbano HA Hublin JJ Hanni C Fortea J de la Rasilla M Bertranpetit J Rosas A Paabo S November 2007 The derived FOXP2 variant of modern humans was shared with Neandertals Curr Biol 17 21 1908 12 doi 10 1016 j cub 2007 10 008 PMID 17949978 Unknown parameter laysummary ignored help Homo heidelbergensis Australian Museum 2013 09 11 subkhnemux 2014 09 09 doi 10 1016 j ajhg 2013 02 002This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes You can jump the queue or expand by hand Full Article PDF 330 KB doi 10 1126 science 1237947This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes You can jump the queue or expand by hand Homo sapiens modern humans Australian Museum 2014 06 13 subkhnemux 2014 10 03 Schwarz J 2007 10 17 Earliest evidence for modern human behavior found in South African cave Uwnews org subkhnemux 2014 10 03 Diamond Jared 1992 The Third Chimpanzee Harper Perennial pp 47 57 ISBN 978 0 06 098403 8 Richard E Green Krause J Briggs A W Maricic T Stenzel U Kircher M Patterson N Li H aelakhna 2010 A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome Science 328 5979 710 722 Bibcode 2010Sci 328 710G doi 10 1126 science 1188021 PMID 20448178 Explicit use of et al in author help Rincon Paul 2010 05 06 Neanderthal genes survive in us BBC News BBC subkhnemux 2010 05 07 External link in work help Bowler JM Johnston H Olley JM Prescott JR Roberts RG Shawcross W Spooner NA 2003 New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo Australia Nature 421 6925 837 40 doi 10 1038 nature01383 PMID 1259451 CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Norton HL Kittles RA Parra E McKeigue P Mao X Cheng K Canfield VA Bradley DG McEvoy B Shriver MD March 2007 Genetic evidence for the convergent evolution of light skin in Europeans and East Asians Mol Biol Evol 24 1 3 710 22 doi 10 1093 molbev ms1203 PMID 17182896 Unknown parameter laysummary ignored help CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Beleza S Santos AM McEvoy B Alves I Martinho C Cameron E Shriver MD Parra EJ Rocha J January 2013 The timing of pigmentation lightening in Europeans Mol Biol Evol 30 24 35 doi 10 1093 molbev mss207 PMC 3525146 PMID 22923467 CS1 maint multiple names authors list link aehlngkhxmulxun aekikhkhxmmxns miphaphaelasuxekiywkb Human evolution Human Evolution Smithsonian Institution Human Origins Program epnewbistsuxprasmphasaxngkvsthixanngayaelamikhxmulthnsmy Human Evolution Australian Musuem epnewbistphasaxngkvsmikhxmulthnsmy Bones Stones and Genes The Origin of Modern Humans Howard Hughes Medical Institute 2011 Holiday Lectures on Science 2011 khlngkhxmuleka ekbcak aehlngedim emux 2012 04 17 subkhnemux 2014 10 22 miwidioxelkechxrphunthan mungklumeyawchn phasaxngkvsekiywkbkarsuksawiwthnakarmnusykhxngnkwichakarchuxdngrwmthngthim iwth Sarah Tishkoff aela John Shea raykar The Evolution of Man khxng BBC Illustrations from Evolution textbook Evolution Unknown parameter trans title ignored help Becoming Human Paleoanthropology Evolution and Human Origins presented by Arizona State University s Institute of Human Origins Human Evolution Timeline ArchaeologyInfo com ekhathungcak https th wikipedia org w index php title kalanukrmwiwthnakarmnusy amp oldid 9615837 Pierolapithecus, wikipedia, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด,
